Workaholism A Social Problem of The Present - 4847 Words

Manoj Adhikari ENG -122 Date: 12/05/2012 Workaholism: A Social Problem of The Present Introduction In the modern society, the problem of workaholism is quite acute. According to studies, most strongly this illness affects employees in Japan and the UK; this issue is relevant for the U.S.as well. There have always been people who work more than others and could not imagine their life without work. However, with the commercialization of society, their number has increased dramatically. In the period of rapid development of new technologies and intense competition in almost all professional fields, there are more and more people who dedicate to work and career making a lot of time. First of all,†¦show more content†¦They don’t have social lives who works more than 40 hours per week according to my interview with two hard worker Immigrant. I have conducted two different interviews for my paper on Workaholics. First, I spoke with a lady from Africa. Her name was Malika Foster who has been living in the country for five years with her family. Malika works around 70 hours per week at two nursing homes. The reason behind her working 70 hours per week is that she has been working like this since she arrived in the country with her family. She had dream about beau tiful life, home and a job with her family in the USA before she came here as an immigrant. She had to work so hard to for her dream which is the reason for her to work more than 40 hours per week. She continued her conversation that she got her dream house but not a good life and job. She said she has to make a payment of the house and also send money back in Africa for her parents and relatives. She mentioned that she can’t live without money and likes to see big savings on her account; she enjoyed working more than 40 hours per week with any obligation in her daily life (M. Foster). Life is not a bed of rose and struggle is the second nick name of life , said by Amir Sharma an immigrant person from an India who I had my second personal interview. Amir came from India last two years ago and started working at the gas station. He said he never expected to have a life like a donkey in America. He mentioned that heShow MoreRelatedAddiction : Addiction And Its Effects On An Individual s Health And Mental State1199 Words   |  5 Pages Workaholism: Addiction to work A Critique Submitted by Vincent Torbellin El Centro College Psychology 2301, Section 51760, Fall 2014 Abstract Addiction to work (workaholism) is a manifested disorder. It has negative effects on an individual’s health and mental state, as well as their family and social life. The research (Shifron Reysen, 2011) states the addiction can be due to a sense of job security, marital problems, or a feeling of self-belonging. 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Sociology of Sport Free Essays

Many in the community are not aware that the class of Sociology of Sport is offered in the school. Many who do recognize that the class is being offered in the school may also question the value and academic merit of such a course. What people don’t see is that the world of sports is closely linked to the social world. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Sport or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social attitudes are reflected in the world of sports. These attitudes can be seen in different ways such as the social atmosphere affecting sports, the ways in which we define sports, exempting the world of sports from the world of citizenship and deviance in sports. Through these ways we can see how such a class can enlighten a person on sports and the real world. In this course of the Sociology of Sport, we intend to identify and understand the place of sports. We also underline the world of sports and see how the social atmosphere affects sports and vice versa. With New York City being a predominantly urban area, people who grow up in New York City are almost automatically more into the sport of basketball. The social atmosphere affects the interests of the social world largely. Being that it is an urban area, there is limited space within the city. The space that is available is usually converted into basketball courts due to the limited space and concrete floors. There is not enough space for a large field with grass in New York City. But if you were to go out more east towards Long Island and the Suffolk counties, you will see that the social atmosphere begins to change due to society. Out in Long Island, grass and trees are seen more often than in New York City due to more open spaces for people and their homes. Larger fields and different kinds of fields are seen more often. Due to more open space, a greater interest in lacrosse, soccer, and football is very apparent. Sports such as lacrosse is played in Long Island and never seen within the city. Long Island high school mostly have a lacrosse team while the only city high school to have a lacrosse team is Benjamin Cardozo which happens to be located in Bayside, Queens, the border between Queens and the Long Island counties. Sports participation affects family dynamics as well. The biggest dynamic that the participation of sports affects is time. Through my own experience I was able to see how much the dynamic of time was affected within our family. During high school, I used to have soccer practice every day except for Fridays. I remember getting out of school and running to the train to be able to make soccer practice at 4PM out in Long Island. I would get home, change and wait in the car for my mother to get home from work. My mother didn’t even have the chance to eat anything as my younger brother had to be drooped off at his practice first which was in Bayside then head off to my practice in Long Island at Hofstra University. Practice would be three hours and then it would be another hour of driving to pick up my younger brother and get home. We would arrive home around 9PM and I would have to manage to get my school work done and eat dinner with the family around 10PM. I always thought a sport was a team competition in which both teams compete to meet a goal and therefore a winner is determined. But I learned throughout the course that there are many different kinds of sports such as the ones we saw in the past winter Olympics with sports such as curling, or figure skating that are not always within a group or falls under the team category. Sport is whatever we or society, define it to be. Any organized sport requires money, equipment and time. The rules in each sport differ. The rules change to meet the cultural needs of a society. Rules are arbitrary. For example, when playing a game of tennis there has to be an agreement between the two players or teams that hitting the ball over the net and maintaining the ball within the area of the tennis court is fair play. One player cannot smash the ball out of the court and into the parking lot and call it a win because he had the strongest hit, unless there was an agreement between the two. This is why there must be a set of rules agreed upon the two players because they can play the game of tennis differently. A more visible example of rules changing to meet the cultural needs of a society is one that we see in our everyday lives while watching professional baseball or MLB. The Major League Baseball is divided into two leagues which are the National league and the American League. The American League has a designated hitter while the National League does not allow designated hitters within their rules. Rules do not conflict when teams of their respected leagues play against each other but when a team from the National League has to play against a team from the American League, rules conflict. Teams must now play according to home field rules. That means if the American League team happens to be the home team, rules apply for the allowance of a designated hitter. Back in the schoolyard, basketball rules are arbitrary all the time. Rules are less strict in the schoolyard compared to rules in the NBA or in college basketball. Players also cut some slack on less talented players who may constantly commit â€Å"travels† or â€Å"double dribbles†. Sports don’t exist in a cultural vacuum but the world of sports is very much like the world of masculinity. During the course we watched a video of â€Å"Killing Us Softly†, which has to do with the study of gender representation in advertising. It reviews if and how the image of women in advertising has changed over the last 20 years. With over 160 ads and TV commercials, as a viewer we see how women are portrayed and how the idea of masculinity is a never ending philosophy over the years. The images portray violence of women in society, such as a woman and a shadowy figure behind her. There are also ads of woman used as footstools, woman being murdered, and men as perpetrators of violence in community. The image of masculinity is deeply linked to violence. This social attitude is reflected into the world of sports with big muscular men and skinny women. The men always want to be the bigger and stronger man on the court whether it is on a basketball court and a player preferring to slam dunk over their opponent rather than a simple lay-up or on the football field and the players creating the most violent tackle of bringing their opponent to the ground and then taunting them. Even women in the WNBA are commercialized with makeup and sexualized in a way. People even say such a great tennis player as Serena Williams looks like a man or women weight lifters being men like or called â€Å"lesbians† for their â€Å"manly† features of having big muscles. Such players as Anna Kournikova who may have not won an important competition within their careers still manage to increase and gain more endorsements than a Serena Williams for their image of being attractive and feminine which appeal more to men and the public. Despite the many similarities that reflect from the â€Å"real world† to the world of sports, many of the realities that people would have to deal with in the â€Å"real world† they don’t have to go through in the world of sports. This raises the question of â€Å"what makes the world of sports exempt from the world of citizenship†? An example of this situation is of violence and deviance in sports. Recently during a women’s basketball game, one of the players turned and punched one of her opponents during game play. For this act of violence the player was suspended for two games and had to give an apology to the victim. If this same situation occurred in the â€Å"real world† in the street, that would be considered an assault crime and the aggressor would have gotten sued by the victim for physically hurting someone. Players in professional sports are perceived to perform deviance when they are discovered to be using steroids for performance enhancing. But what deviance is there in using steroids for performance enhancing if some runners sleep in oxygen tanks the night before a competition? That would also be performance enhancing by receiving large masses of oxygen before a long race. If normal people do what athletes do to their bodies that would be self destructing themselves. Athletes at times force themselves to play on bad conditions and not only that but as I explained before, many professional athletes choose, knowingly, to take and consume steroids. Despite the proven effects, professional players still â€Å"break the rules† of sport and take such a substance to enhance their performances. Many of the social attitudes and atmospheres have proven to provide a great effect on people and the world of sports and the citizenship world. Many deviances and acts of violence show how much a difference the situation is handled in their environments. The realities and consequences of situations are different in the world of sports than to the world of citizenship. With this course I was able to learn how to relate attitudes and situations and analyze how linked both worlds are. How to cite Sociology of Sport, Papers Sociology of Sport Free Essays string(82) " beyond its customary role as an ideological support for the state\(King, 2008\)\." To start with, this essay cites Stan Goff(2008), a former Army Special Forces soldier, who asserted: â€Å"The military is a violent macho culture and so as are many sports. Warfare did much to shape the gender roles that now dominate our culture, even those aspects of the male script that are no longer recognizable as martial†. Indeed, the relationship between governments and sport has often been an integral part of the politics pursued by a certain contry. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Sport or any similar topic only for you Order Now The power of sport articulated in rallying people round big events, has served as an intermediary between the society and the state. According to Allison(1993) the essence of government involvement in sports vary from one community and society to the next, and government intervenes for one of the following reasons:Firstly, to safeguard the public order;Secondly, to maintain fitness and physical abilities among citizens;Thirdly, to promote prestige and power of group, community, or nation;Fourthly, to promote a sense of identity, belonging, and unity among citizens;Fifthly, to reproduce values consistent with the dominant ideology in a community or society;Sixthly, to increase support for political leaders and government;Lastly, to promote economic development in the community or society. In modern days, the emerging power of terrorism and its organization has resulted in enhancement of activities incorporated into promoting militarism especially in powerful and wealthy nations as U. S. and Great Britain. What is more, with the help of media, â€Å"sport along with other popular cultural practices is being co-opted into a wider strategy that positions the military, government, media and citizens in a joint ceremony of supportive affirmation of militarism†(Kelly, 2010). In particular, displays of nationalism in sport have been consolidated by usually government-controlled media, which influence the audience via spectacular productions of national cultural symbols, and hero-ficates so called â€Å"War on Terror† process. (Butterworth, 2008;Kelly, 2010). This essay suggests that the increasing propensity to promote militarism as part of important sports activities is rooted in the increasing commercialization and significance of sport for the citizens. In fact, the usage of sport as a tool to break a trail for militarism politics approval from the society is not an innovative approach at all. History shows a lot of examples that illustrate how authorities gain control on sport and use it as a source for disseminating a certain ideology. For example, â€Å"In Franco’s Spain, particularly during the early years, football, just like other public institutions, was characterized by a high level of intervention by the authorities in its administration, organization, ownership and control, so the political regime of the country was reflected in the structures of the sport†(Duke;Crolley, 1996). Furthermore, Duke and Crolley(1996) reveals that administration of the football clubs at that time was in the hands of the military with presidents appointed by the regime. In the core of Franco’s actions towards sport, laid the promotion of a feeling of Spanish national identity and propagandizing Spanish nationalism. Another example for utilization of sport for political and militaristic purposes in Spain in the last century is the Basque team that went on a tour in Eastern Europe and South America under the pretext that they were raising money and prestige(Duke;Crolley, 1996). Indeed, the real reason for these trips were the desire for spreading the political discourse of the Basque Country and gaining supporters, friends and sympathizers. To continue with the examples of sport being used as an instrument for militarism ideas in the past, the impact that communism had on sport in Eastern Europe took place in creating teams property of the military. An example for that are the clubs established in the former Soviet Union, Bulgaria and other countries from that part of Europe named with the initials â€Å"CSKA† standing for Central Sporting Club of the Army. As reported by Sixsmith(2006) in Soviet Union those days, sport had been a real big deal of national prestige, so best players in regional leagues were all recruited and offered chance of playing for army instead of fighting for them. Likewise, CSKA Moscow were getting the best players who were to present the country on the field and by indirection the ideology of the government, which aimed to embed positive associations regarding the correlation of sport, military and the state in people’s minds. Now, CSKA Moscow football club is not a part of the military CSKA sports club, but still the Russian Ministry of Defense has shares in PFC CSKA Moscow. The militarization of the Bulgarian football club CSKA goes even more with naming the stadium â€Å"Stadium of the Bulgarian Army† manifesting for the importance of the army. In addition, an interesting fact about CSKA Sofia is hat when the communism regime took over the power in Bulgaria in 1944, the official colour of the badge was changed from black to red emphasizing on the association that the red colour symbolizes aggression, red is the colour of the uniform of the Rome legions, The Red Planet is on the God of War and in socio-cultural context, red symbolizes communism. What is more, a five-pointed star was chosen to be placed on the badge, symbolizing the military power and the war. Equally significant example of a government’s use of sport to promote its own political ideology occurred in Nazi Germany in 1936(Coakley, 2001). According to Coakley(2001), Adolph Hitler was especially interested in using the games for reaffirming the ideology of â€Å"Nordic supremacy† and decided to devote considerable resources to the preparation of German athletes. Consequently, they won eighty-nine medals and literally outweighed the opposition in th e face of U. S.. All presented examples from the past lead to the perception that popular cultural activities such as sport(Kelly, 2010) and organizations related to sport were supporting different dominant ideologies and directly as well as by indirection-militaristic actions. Nowadays, the relationship between sport and the military continue to be strong and following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States, a system emerged in which sport culture moved beyond its customary role as an ideological support for the state(King, 2008). You read "Sociology of Sport" in category "Essay examples" Above all, according to Stempel(2006:82) the so called â€Å"Bush doctrine† marked a new imperial doctrine that asserted the right of the U. S to attack nation-states that have not attacked, threatened to attack, or even secretly planned to attack the U. S. or its allies. To clarify his position, Bush(2002) stated in one of his famous popular speeches regarding U. S. ilitary convictions that:†If we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long. † Respectively, the increasing military interference of U. S. in Iraq and Afghanistan after the terrorist attacks provoked some questions about the political correctness of these actions. , as reported by Manningham-Buller(2010), despite years of occupation an increasing realization of continued political instability is evident and even the threats of terrorism has increased than decreased towards the ally of U. S-Great Britain. Therefore, the righteousness of militarism had to be promoted not only by the fear factor, but also through involving the symbols of national militarism in people’s culture interests. For that purpose, the president of U. S and its administration have decided to focus on sports activities, because sport is believed to be close to the heart of people all over. A significant tool for implementation of the Bush administration strategy in sport is considered to be the National Football League which is one of the strongest sports brands in U. S and attracts more people every week than a presidential election could draw no matter that it is once conducted in four years(King, 2008). King(2008) also stresses that professional football is a prominent feature of the American popular culture and well-established vehicle for the circulation of dominant norms and values. The relationship between NFL and the city of New York, where the terrorist attacks were made perpetrated, included multimillion dollar commitment to enourage tourism, donating money to the city’s September 11 commemoration, the creation of the NFL Disaster Relief Fund and culminated in 2002 when the in the augural Kickoff Live a spectacular festival with the participation of a lot of stars was held in Times Square(King, 2008). The same author argues(2008) that in time, the orientation of NFL projects towards helping the victims and the city itself changed to explicitly patriotic and militaristic projects carried out in collaboration with the Government. To clarify, the projects contained charitable activities implemented by NFL, for example, professional football players from the league were supposed to go visit injured warriors, official football equipment was to be delivered to the military and all of that was based on the Bush’s programme for associating militarism w ith sport. Similar is the situation in UK, where in 2009-10 season, the Football League announced its season-long official partner to be â€Å"Help for Heroes† and also it celebrated a â€Å"helping heroes† week which took place in March, 2010(Kelly, 2010). Furthermore, during the Remembrance Day weekend, all English and Scottish League Football clubs were asked to wear a special Earl Haig red poppy on their shirts(Kelly, 2010). Subsequently, opponents of this discourse who were fans of Celtic raised banners against the red poppy and its symbolism, what later on was to be hugely criticized by the media. The small minority of fans that dared to stand against the discourse were presented as traitors and in certain scale as criminals. In fact, the protest of the fans was istorted by media and presented in the light of the violation of the Remembrance Day which indeed was not the aim of the Celtic supporters. In general, every attempt for swerving from the discourse of militarism have been sharply stigmatized by the government and its instrument- the media. Truly, the popularizing of militarism in sport encompasses another major component, namely media. As reported by Coakley(2001:395):†Global media coverage has intensified and added new dimensions to the connection between sports and politics. †. What is more, the same author(2001) suggests that U. S. viewers prefer nationalistic themes that underpinned U. S. values and that claimed U. S. global superiority. Based on the assumption â€Å"us versus them† or â€Å"hero† versus â€Å"extremists†(Kelly, 2010) media in U. S. tries to create positive image of militarism through presenting it in the context of sport. Equally significant is what Stempel(2006:82) asserts:†Involvement in televised masculinist sports is robustly correlated with support for invading Iraq, the doctrine of preventive attacks, and strong patriotic feelings of the United States. The tie up with Fox TV for popularizing the ideology of â€Å"War on Terror† using Super Bowl and the Olympics, aimed to create awareness about â€Å"Operation Tribute to Freedom† which was the official name of the U. S. military campaign. In particular, the pregame, halftime and postgame broadcastings took as a theme â€Å"Heroes, Hope and Homeland† , which emphasized on the rejuvenation on the national patriotitism, associating the necessity of the current â€Å"positive† discourse with some past military moments like the Cold War and the War in Vietnam. In highlighting the SuperBowl XXXVI broadcasting, McCartney(2008) admin of foxsports, announced:†In what is expected to be the most stirring, patriotic and emotionally charged Super Bowl broadcast ever, reflecting on the atrocities perpetrated on September 11 and the aftermath, FOX’ presentation will weave a compelling, cerebral and visceral mix of music and pageantry with down home football†. The cultural producers at Fox Sports were focused on to follow the discursive construction and reproduction of national identity implementing two strategies:Firstly, dissimilation, by outlining the threatening and abject other, depending on the enemy, in 2002 for example was Afghanistan);Secondly, assimilation, which points out the selective remembering of the past presented by the broadcast(Silk, Falcous, 2005). Silk and Falcous(2005) continue with the analyzation of the Super Bowl XXXVI with taking into consideration the pregame show beginning, that started by showing two points on the screen-Afghanistan and Lousiana Superdome(the venue of Super Bowl 2002). Afterward, though the the main event was the game, numerous visits to Kandahar were made were Fox representatives along with the American Forces Network had gathered troops on active duty to watch the game in the desert. Also soldiers from the troops were sending TV â€Å"postcards† to their family and friends which contributed to the inspiration of the national spirit and by indirection to the implantation of hatred towards the enemies. What is more, a retrospection of American soldiers lost in Vietnam was made to reiterate the effect of hero-ization of military forces, hence this image was juxtaposed with the image of footballers which created symbolic equalization between players and warriors. The remembering process, according to Bilig(1995), concurrently involves a process of collective forgetting in order to allow a nation celebrate its historical recency. Another example of the discourse of remembering the heroes is provided by Kelly(2010) who comments on the inter-dependent relationship between hero and extremist. He(2010) suggests that if the term â€Å"hero† is used in connection to the military, it acts as a collocation and becomes synonymous with UK soldier, which results in indoctrinating the idea of â€Å"our boys† in the national psyche. On the contrary, the opponents of the war are classified as â€Å"extremist†, â€Å"unpatriotic† or â€Å"insurgents†. As Stempel(2006) asserts, sports are amongst the most explicit and mythologized public spectacles of competition, power and domination and consequently they become important sites where Americans are registering, managing, and shaping the complex feelings regarding their power position in the post terrorist attacks on 9/11 world. There are different ways in which a cultural institution as the TV can contribute to the promotion of a certain discourse and dominant ideology. The justification and modification of war to be seen as righteous and necessary, finds place in Fox’s broadcastings. A major factor that articulated the connection between pride, legacy and sport in the pregame Super Bowl broadcast was the retelling of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. Fox used numerous famous personalities such as footballers, Hollywood stars and political officers, namely Donald Rumsfeld who was Secretary of state at that time, to announce that United States was united more than ever(Slik, M. and Falcous, M. , 2005). Fox’s presentation of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† is stressed to be representative of the deployment of patriotic themes(Butterworth, 2008) and as Stempel(2006) defines â€Å"masculinist moral capital†. In a critical discussion, Butterworth asserts that the usage of the Declaration, which is considered to be a cornerstone of the American civil religion, serves to renew American’s faith in that religion and exploits patriotism and militarism in ways that justify the mission of the â€Å"war on terror† and undermine the democratic values that this war pledges to defend. To continue with the selective recollection of past events from the archives of collective historical memories, Fox retold parts of of Abraham Lincoln speeches, through former Presidents of the U. S. such as Nancy Reagan standing in for her husband, Ronald Reagan. All these actions undertaken by the co-operation between the Government of U. S. and media reflected on the dissemination of nationalistic feelings amongst citizens. In this line of thoughts, Stempel(2006) decided to use data form a nationally representative survey of 1048 Americans to show that in the summer of 2003, level of involvement in televised masculinist sports was correlated with support for the Iraq war and with strong patriotic feelings for the U. S.. In attempt to provide more clarity of the relationship between mass-mediated sports, gender, and militaristic nationalism, Stempel(2006) divided the analysis of this case into two main theories-critical feminism and figurational sociology mostly related with Norbert Elias. As an illustration of the concept of â€Å"critical feminism†, Burstyn(1999) argues that the erosion of and challenges to the systems of man domination have led to amplifying the presentation of masculine power in the popular culture, especially in televised sports. Accordingly, the hypermasculine culture subsequently has been used for the purpose of building support for war. The second theory, originates from and has been an object of broad analyze of Norbert Elias(1897-1990), who defined a figuration as â€Å"a structure of mutually oriented and dependent people†(1978a:261). As reported by Murphy, Sheard and Waddington(2000), Elias criticized the separation of the individual from the society and therefore for him these two concepts refer to interconnected levels of the same human world. To clarify, the same authors(2000) suggest that the concept of figurations was developed to instill the idea that sociology focuses on people bonded together in dynamic constellation. Like critical feminists, figurationalist, expect that those who are involved in the most masculinist and battlelike sports will be more likely to support the â€Å"war on terror† ideology and response to threats to national security(Stempel, 2006). In this line of thoughts, the alliance between U. S. Government and NFL ,as a representative of purely male and aggressive sport, is vital for the symbolic interpretation of war and sport in the United States. From all presented cases, it can be assumed that the involvement in televised masculinist sports powerfully interacts with the support for the military campaigns of certain countries, the doctrine of preventive attacks and strong patriotic feelings(Stempel, 2006). By executing spectacular productions of national symbols as the national anthem, military flyovers and frequent calls to support the troops during games, media embeds in peoples’ minds the heroic image of the military and its soldiers(Butterworth, 2008). Based on the notion that both masculinity spot and military training are perceived by many as an example of what the real man should be, the similiraties between masculinist sport and militarism appear to be substantial. From this point of view, the Government involvement in sport regarding militarism tends to increase as long as the authorities are interested in propaganding dominant ideologies such as the righteousness of certain military actions. Besides, the increasing number of negative reactions against the â€Å"war on terror† recently have resulted in governments’ need of higher levels of support among public. With this in mind, Edwards and Cromwell(2009:55) stressed:†Sport, popular culture and the media are such powerful voices in the construction of discursive formations, and as any good student of public relations knows, â€Å"controlling what we think is not solely a matter of controlling what we know-it is also about influencing who we respect and who we find ridiculous. † Taking into consideration the popularity of sport worldwide, it seems that the intervention of the nation-state is more likely to continue to occur. Furthermore, sports are connected with power relations in society as a whole and for that reason sports and politics cannot be separated which in the light of this essay’s theme can be translated as- the relationship between sports and militarism will last(Coakley, 2001). How to cite Sociology of Sport, Essay examples

Testosterone in Sports Essay Sample free essay sample

Endowment is an accident of cistrons – and a duty. –Alan Rickman It has been long debated who or what we should impute our strenuosity to. Is athleticism a merchandise of difficult work or a consequence of athletic parents who passed along athletic cistrons? Should we impute strenuosity to difficult work or science? People by and large fall into one of the two classs when explicating strenuosity. Athletes are ever looking for a competitory advantage in athleticss. Many jocks have turned to steroids and testosterone supporters to stand out public presentation. Substance users have been labeled deceivers because they have an unjust advantage. Does holding a of course high testosterone degree give an jock a just advantage? The article I chose. â€Å"Time to re-evaluate gender segregation in sports? † by Bennett Foddy and Julian Savelescu. purposes to turn to that really inquiry. Work force and adult females are segregated in sports to further an even playing field. Billy Jean-King aside. cipher expects adult females to be able to vie with work forces in athleticss. Work force bring forth higher testosterone degrees than adult females. giving them an athletic advantage. therefore work forces and adult females must be segregated in athleticss to maintain the playing field even. However. testosterone degrees in work forces and adult females vary. For illustration. Caster Semenya won gold in the 2009 women’s universe title in the 800m swim. The International Association of Athletic Federation ( IAAF ) tested her for heightening drugs and for being a adult male. The consequences of the drug trial were negative. The consequences of the gender trial are kept confidential for privateness. The consequences are unimportant. The article focuses on what Semenya’s instance means for anti-doping. for women’s athleticss. and for competitory athleticss in general. Interestingly. it is easier to determine whether one is taking steroids than it is to find whether one is male or female. Normally work forces have an Ten and a Y chromosome. whi le adult females usually have two X chromosomes. Males usually have phalluss and testicles while adult females have vaginas. uteri and ovaries. Work forces by and large produce higher degrees of testosterone. If work forces and adult females had the same degrees of testosterone. there would be no ground to segregate athleticss into men’s and women’s conferences ( Foddy A ; Savulescu. 2010. p. 1184 ) . The job arises in â€Å"intersex† conditions when. people with XX chromosomes look and run like work forces. and XY people who look and run like adult females. When a familial male is born with X and Y chromosomes. but suffers from androgen insensitiveness syndrome ( AIS ) . his organic structure doesn’t produce as much or respond to testosterone like a normal male. This type of individual could look like a adult male with a phallus or could look like a adult female with a vagina and externally look female. The XY athlete agony from AIS with a male visual aspect would be at an utmost athletic disadvantage when viing against other work forces. On the other manus. an XY jock with AIS that has a female external visual aspect would be at an advantage when viing with other adult females. Athletes with AIS and XY chromosomes that appear female green goods and utilize more testosterone than the mean female. therefore giving them an athletic advantage ( Foddy A ; Savulescu. 2010. p. 1185 ) . The 2nd job exists when females are born with a familial status known as inborn adrenal hyperplasia ( CAH ) . CAH creates adult females with XX chromosomes. but produce abnormally high degrees of testosterone. The high degrees of testosterone can make an single with a female visual aspect and variety meats that has increased testosterone or an single with a male visual aspect and variety meats that has a lower testosterone degree than the mean male. The Twenty person with CAH that has female features would be at an athletic advantage over the mean female. The Twenty person with CAH that has a male visual aspect would hold a terrible disadvantage among mean male jocks. Whereas proving for steroids consequences in a simple positive or negative result. Testing for gender can turn out to be really hard. because in rare fortunes work forces and adult females have both shown to hold either XX or XY chromosomes. CAH and AIS can bring forth what is called â€Å"intersex† conditions. T herefore. segregating work forces and adult females in athleticss may be an disused method of segregation ( Foddy A ; Savulescu. 2010. p. 1185 ) . â€Å"Intersex† conditions can make utmost disparities in athleticss. We segregate work forces and adult females in athleticss to extinguish unjust familial advantages. Is it so unfair when a genetically female jock with an intersex status wins an event? Foddy and Savulesco ( 2010 ) . offer an option for covering with natural fluctuation in testosterone. Alternatively of dividing work forces and adult females. specify a bound based on the degree of testosterone in an individual’s blood. Above the bound jocks would vie as work forces and below the bound jocks would vie as adult females. This would make a â€Å"hormonal level-playing field† . Foddy and Savulesco don’t argue for or against testosterone segregation. they merely discuss the option. Peoples can see athleticss as a step of an athlete’s natural ability or the step of an athlete’s attempt and difficult work. If we measure jocks on their natural ability. so the victors are the lucky 1s who are born with athletic cistrons. Torbjorn Tannsjo is a Swedish professor of doctrine. He has held a chair in Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University since 2002 and he is Affiliated Professor of Medical Ethical motives at Karolinska Institute. Tannsjo ( 2005 ) stated: We make a moral error when we cheer for the victors. And the error we make has to make with the fact that the features we admire in the victors. their strength. is a mere consequence of the familial lottery. Those who win are non responsible for the strength they exhibit and that we admire. †¦ Strength or the capacity for it. like physical beauty. is genetically determined. and hence it is non up to us to derive strength. if we do non posses the cistrons for it. †¦ We treat the victor as if he or she were responsible for that strength. and we forget its beginning ( Atry. 2011. p. 155 ) . Tannsjo would most likely disregard the impression that athletic ability is the step of an athlete’s difficult work and attempt. I would presume that Tannsjo would be in favour of familial segregation. On the other manus. those that believe athletics is a measuring of one’s difficult work and attempt may be in favour of familial doping. It could be argued that it is unjust for a genetically lucky jock to get the better of a hard-working genetically luckless jock. This manner of believing would let for jocks to take addendums to guarantee that all jocks are executing with the same sum of testosterone. Testosterone degrees would be monitored and finely tuned. This would do the athlete’s organic structure more like a finely tuned race auto. In NASCAR all race autos perform at the same degree and it’s up to the driver to execute and win the race. If all jocks had the same testosterone degrees so winning competitions would depend on an athlete’s difficul t work and finding instead than natural ability. Presently. cistron doping is de?ned by the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) as ‘the non-therapeutic usage of cells. cistrons. familial elements. or of themodulation of cistron looks. holding the capacity to heighten athletic performance’ ( WADA. 2008 ) . Gene doping is illegal in universe competition unless it is used for medical or curative intents. There is a forbidden list of public presentation foils set by the WADA. If the medicine an jock is required to take to handle an unwellness or status happens to fall under the forbidden List. a Curative Use Exemption ( TUE ) may give that athlete the mandate to take the needful medical specialty ( WADA. 2008 ) . Therefore. the WADA has deemed it okay for jocks to take some public presentation foils to disable unwellness. One could reason that testosterone lack is a disability that should be accommodated for utilizing public presentation heightening drugs. The WADA is responsible for puting anti-doping policy and finally the determination falls upon them. I believe that sports are a trial of potency. An jock may hold an built-in advantage. but that doesn’t warrant that the jock will populate up to that possible. I believe that difficult work and attempt can do up for deficiency of strenuosity. I do admit that a genetically lucky. hard-working jock has a competitory advantage. There are no warrants in athleticss. We tune into games every hebdomad routing for the underdog. Often times David victory Goliath. I personally believe that doping jocks to make a hormonal degree playing field destroys the unity of athletics. In the instance of Caster Semenya. the Daily Telegraph newspaper in Sydney reported that she had internal testicles and no uterus or ovaries. The IAAF has refused to corroborate or deny this study. but if it were right. this would be declarative of AIS ( Foddy A ; Savulescu. 2010. p. 1185 ) . Semenya neer took any public presentation heightening drugs and has neer cheated. I personally don’t believe that AIS is a ground to discredit her triumphs. Semenya competed to the best of her abilities and reached her possible and should be commended for making so. I don’t believe success in athleticss should be measured in winning or losing. but instead the benefits one additions from engagement. Value should be placed on athlete’s attempt and difficult work instead than the result of competitions. Sports Teach athletes the val ue of sportsmanship. unity. honestness. and difficult work. Doping jocks to make a certain testosterone degree would degrade the values built-in in athleticss. The duty falls upon parents and managers to learn kids the true value of athleticss is in the journey instead than the finish. Athletes who learn the value of just drama. sportsmanship. unity. difficult work and answerability are the true victors in athleticss. The mark is kept in values learned. non points scored. Mentions Atry. A. ( 2011 ) . Gene doping and the duty of bioethicists. Sport. moralss and doctrine. informaworld. com. Retrieved October 13. 2012 from:

Question 7.11 free essay sample

a. The risk that Spring Water face is residual risk. Residual risk is the risk that remains after management implemented internal control or taken some response to inherent risk. In this case, Spring Water Spa Company already applying internal control activities in their daily operation so that to reduce inherent risk that may bring harm to their company. b. In the sales/cash receipts system of Spring Water, there were 3 different levels of authorized people doing their respective independent job of processing their company daily sales. They have the main control strength of segregation of duties among the employees from different positions:- -The sales person mainly focus on the recording of initial order by customer, then print the sales receipt from cash register that shows the total, any discounts, sales tax and grand total. After that collect payment from customer either by check or credit sales, gives the receipt to customer and then deliver the item to customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Question 7.11 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides, he also handles sales return by issue return slip when necessary. The assistant manager main job is to provide a daily reconciled report for the manager’s review by using the totals in the cash register tapes, cash in the cash register, total of consecutively numbered sales invoices and the return slip. The manager review cash sales, credit sales, and credit sales. Besides, he also prepares the daily bank deposit and physically makes the deposit at the bank and files the validated bank deposit. At the end of month, the manager performs bank reconciliation. At last, the cash register tapes, sales invoices, return slips, and reconciled report are mailed daily to corporate headquarter to be processed with files form other store and weekly Sales and Commission Activity Report is returned to each store manger for review.. c. In the sixth component of the COSO ERM framework deals with control activities, the control activities in the Spring Water Spa Company falls on :- i . Proper authorization of transaction and activities ii. Segregation of duties segregation of accounting duties iii. Design and use of documents and records iv. Independent checks on performance reconciliation of two independently maintained sets of records d. Problem avoided or risk mitigated by the control identified in question b:- only sales person is authorized to touch the cash register to take order from customer so if there is any fraud committed at the cash register, the sales person will be liable and thus, he will take good care of the accuracy of every each transaction that being recorded by him. after payment has been made by customer, then only the receipt will be given to the customer and to be directed to the warehouse to obtain the item purchase or shipment of delivery is made. This means that after payment is settled by customer, the sales person will come out with a receipt as evidence that payment has been made and the items shall be taken out to customer. This will avoid the risk of items delivered out of store without any evident of payment and bring to abnormal stock lost. assistant manager job of preparing reconciled report again reviewing of those sales transaction records that made by sales person and therefore any discrepancy or abnormal figure found will be detected by the assistant manager. after manager review the report, reconciliation will be done to ensure the accuracy of the data and after that the reconciled report and other records are mailed daily to corporate headquarters to be processed. This level of activities reduce the risk that manager to commit fraud. e. Spring Water can improve its system of control by create a well designed computer information network for their cash/ receipts cycle so that to reduce the human error risk, redu ce work redundancy and to make sure the process of the cash/ receipts cycle will be carried out more effectively and efficiently.

Rate of Photosynthesis Essays

Rate of Photosynthesis Essays Rate of Photosynthesis Essay Rate of Photosynthesis Essay Essay Topic: Synthesis Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants and certain photoautotroph make food using carbon dioxide and water. When both (carbon dioxide and water) are combined, they make the food; glucose as well as oxygen, given off as a by-product. The above description of photosynthesis can be analysed in the equation below:BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION6CO2 + 6H2O=C6H12O6 + 6O2WORD EQUATIONCarbon Dioxide + Water=Glucose + OxygenFactors that affect photosynthesis:LIGHT: insufficient light slows down the rate of photosynthesisCARBON DIOXIDE: similarly, inadequate quantity of carbon dioxide slows down the rate of photosynthesis.TEMPERATURE: temperature should not be too cold nor too hot.AimMy aim is to investigate whether the factor light, has an affect on the rate of photosynthesis. This will be observed by counting the number of oxygen bubbles given off.Apparatus* Metre rule* 5cm Canadian pondweed clipped on a paperclip* Beaker* Lamp, with 60 watts bulb* WaterHypothesisIt is predicted that, the m ore light intensity the higher the rate of photosynthesis, providing that the temperature is not too cold or too hot. I would try and expect the below graph:MethodThe most vital thing, which is needed for photosynthesis is a plant. The plant which will be used in this investigation is a Canadian pondweed. The following is a step by step account which I will take:1) Make sure that the place is safe by making sure that there are no obstacles on the floor like a bag2) The room must be kept dark, so that excess light dont enter the beaker apart from the lamps light.3) The paper clipped Canadian pondweed will be placed in the beaker full of water.2) The lamp must be kept 20cm away from the beaker and then switched on.3) I will wait for two minutes and count all the number of bubbles released.4) My results shall be recorded5) Steps 1-4 will be repeated at 40 cm and finally 120 cm from the beaker.SafetyObservationI carried out this experiment safely. The lab, was kept free from the dangers of water spillage as I had used electricity for the lamp. Bags were also removed from the floor and hanged on hangers which prevented from toppling over.The table below is the result collected:Distance intervalled (cm)No. of O2 bubbles given off20254021601880151001312010The above are the results I have collected throughout the experiment. All the results above cannot be very reliable as I havent repeated the experiment and doing so will be a waste of time. However, I will get results from two colleagues so that I can compare theyre data with mine. They also used 5cm Canadian pondweed clipped on a paperclip and a lamp, with 60 watts bulb. The table below are my colleaguess result:Colleague 1Distance intervalled (cm)No. of O2 bubbles given off20264021602080161001312010Colleague2Distance intervalled (cm)No. of O2 bubbles given off20244021601980151001212010The above results can be represented as line graphs to see if there were any anomalies.The graphs almost look alike, suggesting tha t there were no anomalies and ultimately my results are very reliable.AnalysisBy using the above results, I will combine them into a table and work out the average.Distance intervalled (cm)My results of oxygen bubbles releasedColleague 1s results of oxygen bubbles releasedColleague 2s results of oxygen bubbles releasedAverage results of oxygen bubbles released (2dp)2025262425.004021232121.676018201919.008015161515.3310013131212.6712010101010.00Using the Average results of oxygen bubbles released (2dp), I will construct a scatter graphThis scatter graph shows that, as the distance from the lamp increased, the number of bubbles released from the Canadian pondweed increased also. This is very similar to the hypothesis made earlier: the more light intensity the higher the rate of photosynthesis, providing that the temperature is not too cold or too hot. The temperature of the room was of course not too cold or too hot. The pattern which can be noted is that, points are lowering as the l amp is distanced away from the Canadian pondweed. This proves that my prediction is correct.In order to find the gradient of the graph, I have placed a line of best fit. I will need to find the value of y and x and then divide y by x to acquire the gradient. The value of y is 5 bubbles and the value of x is 20cm. 5/20=0.25. 0.25 is the gradient. Finding the gradient can now help me to find the value of any given distance (cm).EvaluationMy method was a suitable one but yet there were many satisfactory notes regarding it. The reason why it was suitable because this experiment was a successful one. However, the satisfactory notes are that my results could have been more accurate, by using another colleagues results thus increasing the chance of accuracy. As well as that, this experiment could have been improved. The ways of improving it was, collecting the whole result using sensors and data could have been recorded by a computer as this would have given very accurate data and it does not include human interference i.e.: results would have been collected automatically by a computer. This however was impossible due to insufficient funds.I could have extended this investigation, to see the other variables affecting the rate of photosynthesis i.e.: temperature, carbon diocide.

A Lesson Before Dying English Literature Essay

He couldnt aˆâ€ ¹rememberaˆâ€ ¹ aaˆâ€ ¹ thing he had done all twenty-four hours. The Writer does n’t stating us straight whether Jefferson is guilty or guiltless. Alternatively, he provides the prosecuting officer ‘s and the defence lawyer ‘s versions of the narrative. This creates uncertainties about Jefferson ‘s artlessness. This pick makes it easier to see the subject that we seldom know without uncertainty whether person is guiltless or guilty, but alternatively must trust on evideaˆâ€ ¹nce. Subject Gaines page 5 â€Å" Old aˆâ€ ¹Grope got aˆâ€ ¹the bottle out ofaˆâ€ ¹ the shaˆâ€ ¹elf, but aˆâ€ ¹he did non saˆâ€ ¹et it on the counter. He could see the boaˆâ€ ¹yaˆâ€ ¹s had been drinkiaˆâ€ ¹ng. † â€Å" Bear had baˆâ€ ¹een drinkaˆâ€ ¹ing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd his eyes were calendered, he walkaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ed falteringly, grinniaˆâ€ ¹ng all taˆâ€ ¹he taˆâ€ ¹ime as he continued around the aˆâ€ ¹counter. â€Å" Go back, † aˆâ€ ¹ Grope told hiaˆâ€ ¹m. † Anaˆâ€ ¹d â€Å" He did n’t cognize what to make. He waaˆâ€ ¹s standing by the spirits aˆâ€ ¹shelf, and saˆâ€ ¹uddaˆâ€ ¹enly realiaˆâ€ ¹zed he needaˆâ€ ¹ed aˆâ€ ¹a drink and neaˆâ€ ¹eded it badaˆâ€ ¹ly. † Jefferson ‘s friends were drunk. It affected their consciousness to their state of affairs which would hold been easy to forestall. Alcohol is clearly has an impact on the black community. Jefferson is unable to construct a solid defence because he was intoxicated and can non retrieve the twenty-four hours of the slaying. Grant is unable to halt contending Griffin because he is intoxicated, and he evades holding a serious conversation with Vivian by imbibing. Alcohol is a subject, most of the imbibing is done to get away world. Subject Page 5 â€Å" A caˆâ€ ¹ornered aˆâ€ ¹animal aˆâ€ ¹likesaˆâ€ ¹ to strikeaˆâ€ ¹ rapidly outaˆâ€ ¹ of fright, a traitaˆâ€ ¹ inheraˆâ€ ¹ited fromaˆâ€ ¹ his ascendants in aˆâ€ ¹the deepest jungle of blackesaˆâ€ ¹t Aaˆâ€ ¹frica-yes, yes, that he can do- but to planaˆâ€ ¹ ? aˆâ€ ¹ To Plan, genaˆâ€ ¹tlemen of theaˆâ€ ¹ jury? aˆâ€ ¹No, aˆâ€ ¹gentlemen, this skull holaˆâ€ ¹ds no aˆâ€ ¹plans. Whaaˆâ€ ¹t you see here is a thingaˆâ€ ¹ that acts aˆâ€ ¹oaˆâ€ ¹n commaˆâ€ ¹and. † Jefferson defense mechanism lawyer provinces that Jefferson could non hold murdered Alcee Grope , because he is excessively stupid. The comparing of a human to an animate being here is agencies by which white people dehumanise black people. Racism is a large subject in the novel it affects how the characters act and how they are treated. This subject affects the whole narrative. Subject Jefferson ‘s defence lawyer, 8 â€Å" I ‘m aˆâ€ ¹the instructor, aˆâ€ ¹ † I said. â€Å" And I taˆâ€ ¹eaaˆâ€ ¹ch what thaˆâ€ ¹e white folks aaˆâ€ ¹round heraˆâ€ ¹e state me to teach-reading, writinaˆâ€ ¹g, aˆâ€ ¹and ‘rithmetic. They ne’er told me hoaˆâ€ ¹w toaˆâ€ ¹ maintain a blacaˆâ€ ¹k male child out of aˆâ€ ¹a liquoraˆâ€ ¹ saˆâ€ ¹tore. † Grant is speaking to his aunt and is being loath to her petition of learning Jefferson. This transition reveals why Grant is hesitating to learn Jefferson. Even though Grant has a high degree of academic accomplishment, he feels unsuitable because his is ain instruction has been based on get the hanging the instructions of white America. Grant knows that he would be assisting to distribute its instructions. Word picture Grant, 13 â€Å" Theaˆâ€ ¹re waˆâ€ ¹as ever intelligence comiaˆâ€ ¹ng back to aˆâ€ ¹theaˆâ€ ¹ quarteaˆâ€ ¹r abouaˆâ€ ¹t person aˆâ€ ¹who haˆâ€ ¹aaˆâ€ ¹d been killeaˆâ€ ¹d or sent aˆâ€ ¹to prison for killing somaˆâ€ ¹eone else: Snowbaˆâ€ ¹all, stabbed to decease at a cabaret in Portaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹Allen ; Claudee, killed by a adult female in New Orlaˆâ€ ¹eans ; Smitty, sent to the saˆâ€ ¹tate peaˆâ€ ¹nitentiary at Angolaˆâ€ ¹a for manslaughaˆâ€ ¹ter. And there weraˆâ€ ¹e others who didaˆâ€ ¹ non travel anyaˆâ€ ¹where but merely dieaˆâ€ ¹d sloaˆâ€ ¹wer. † Sing his pupils chop wood reminded him of himself and former schoolmates. He reflects on the destinies of his schoolmates, who all died immature age. He is remembers his former instructor Matthew Antoine ‘s stating most of his pupils would decease immature despite his best attempts. Grant ‘s schoolmates that stayed in in deep South are unable to populate life to its fuaˆâ€ ¹llest because of legal and economic barriers embedded in racism. This point to a powerful combination of poorness and racial subjugation that African Americans faced in the 40 ‘s Puting Grant, 62 â€Å" I can’aˆâ€ ¹taˆâ€ ¹ state you anything about liaˆâ€ ¹fe, † he aˆâ€ ¹said â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t do I know about lifeaˆâ€ ¹ ? I stayed here. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u haveaˆâ€ ¹ to travel off to cognize about life. aˆâ€ ¹ There ‘s aˆâ€ ¹no life here. Thaˆâ€ ¹ere’saˆâ€ ¹ nil but ignoaˆâ€ ¹rance here.aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹You want aˆâ€ ¹to know about life? Well, aˆâ€ ¹it ‘s tooaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹late. Forgaˆâ€ ¹et itaˆâ€ ¹ . Just gaˆâ€ ¹o on and beaˆâ€ ¹ the niggaˆâ€ ¹er you were born to be, aˆâ€ ¹but forget about aˆâ€ ¹life. † aˆâ€ ¹ Grant is speaking to his former instructor. There are similarities between his statement that â€Å" theraˆâ€ ¹e ‘s no liaˆâ€ ¹fe † in Baaˆâ€ ¹yonne and Grant ‘s observation on how his schoolmates are deceasing easy by populating hapless. Both believe that the chance to populate life to its fullest is an of import constituent of human self-respect. This explains why Grant is loath to learn Jefferson ; he believes that self-respect is unachievable without chance since Jefferson is on decease row. Word picture Matthew Antoine 65 â€Å" Anythingaˆâ€ ¹ Iaˆâ€ ¹ ought to taˆâ€ ¹ake toaˆâ€ ¹ him? † Graaˆâ€ ¹nt, â€Å" Food, I suppose. aˆâ€ ¹Maaˆâ€ ¹ybeaˆâ€ ¹ someaˆâ€ ¹ clean apparels. aˆâ€ ¹ I caaˆâ€ ¹ n’t thaˆâ€ ¹ink of anything else. † â€Å" I was believing more aboaˆâ€ ¹ut the bible, † Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Aaˆâ€ ¹mbrose Reverend Ambrose asks Grant what he should convey when sing Jefferson. Grant ‘s conversation shows Grant ‘s beliefs about self-respect. He suggests comfortss ; clean apparels and nutrient. While the Reverend believes that Bible are more of import to assisting the doomed inmate. It is non until the terminal that he is able to admit the importance of faith. Conflict Grant, 101 I rubbaˆâ€ ¹ed my aˆâ€ ¹fistaˆâ€ ¹ withaˆâ€ ¹ my left manus, and aˆâ€ ¹graduaˆâ€ ¹ally begaˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹to relax. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" That laˆâ€ ¹ady yaˆâ€ ¹ou radius of, aˆâ€ ¹boy caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹res a batch aˆâ€ ¹about you, † I said toaˆâ€ ¹ him. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" She ‘s waitingaˆâ€ ¹ at that scaˆâ€ ¹hool right nowaˆâ€ ¹ foaˆâ€ ¹r me to convey aˆâ€ ¹her intelligence abouaˆâ€ ¹t a turn you. That ‘s aaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹lady yoaˆâ€ ¹u radius of, boy. That ‘s a lady. Becaˆâ€ ¹ause it ‘s she who keaˆâ€ ¹eps me coming aˆâ€ ¹here. Not aˆâ€ ¹your nannan, non aˆâ€ ¹my aˆâ€ ¹ant. Vivian. If I didn’taˆâ€ ¹ have Viviaaˆâ€ ¹n, I wouldn’taˆâ€ ¹ be inaˆâ€ ¹ this aˆâ€ ¹damn holeaˆâ€ ¹ . † After Jefferson insults Grant ‘s girlfriend Vivian, Grant tells Jefferson that he continues to see the Jefferson in prison non because he feels obliged to his aunt or Miss Emma, but because Vivian encouraged him to. Love has great influence. Vivian ‘s love transforms Grant with simple suggestion. Allow became more dedicated to his occupation and held a Christmas pageant for the kids, something he usually would n’t make. Jefferson easy opened up to Grand because he showed Jefferson kindness and love. Power of love to transform people is a subject in this book. Subject Grant 130 He jusaˆâ€ ¹t sat aˆâ€ ¹there aˆâ€ ¹looking at me. ‘aˆâ€ ¹Go on and shriek, Jefferson. aˆâ€ ¹Go oaˆâ€ ¹n and aˆâ€ ¹scream foraˆâ€ ¹ Guidry, aˆâ€ ¹if that’saˆâ€ ¹ what aˆâ€ ¹you want. ‘ Weaˆâ€ ¹ looaˆâ€ ¹ked at each other, and I could see iaˆâ€ ¹n those large reddened aˆâ€ ¹eyes thaaˆâ€ ¹t he was non traveling to shout. He was full of aaˆâ€ ¹nger – and who coulaˆâ€ ¹d fault him? – But he aˆâ€ ¹was no sap. He needed me, and aˆâ€ ¹he waaˆâ€ ¹nted meaˆâ€ ¹ hereaˆâ€ ¹ , if merely to aˆâ€ ¹insult me. † Jefferson feels self-pity, and he wants everyone else to experience his commiseration. As Grant is seeking to hold a meaningful conversation, Jefferson is n’t being concerted. Having ne’er experience much kindness in his life, he finds it difficult to swear Grant and abuses Grant to maintain distance. Jefferson threatens to shout but Grant knew he was n’t traveling. In the terminal, he decides that he wants Allow around to aim his hatred and choler towards. Word picture Page 130 â€Å" Easteaˆâ€ ¹r was when they nailed Him to taˆâ€ ¹he crosaˆâ€ ¹s. And He nevaˆâ€ ¹er said a mumblingaˆâ€ ¹ word. † Grant and Jefferson are speaking about Christmas, and Jefferson refers to Christ. The transition sets up the word picture of Jefferson as a Christ figure. Like Jesus, Jefferson ‘s religious purification concludes in his executing. Death is portion of the immature Jefferson ‘s development into a symbol of innoceaˆâ€ ¹nce and moral pureness. Symbol Jefferson, 139 â€Å" Hoaˆâ€ ¹w do people come up with aaˆâ€ ¹ day of the month aaˆâ€ ¹nd clip aˆâ€ ¹to take lifeaˆâ€ ¹ from anotheaˆâ€ ¹r adult male? Who madaˆâ€ ¹e them Godaˆâ€ ¹ ? † â€Å" Tweaˆâ€ ¹lve white work forces aˆâ€ ¹say a black adult male a must dieaˆâ€ ¹ , and anotheraˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹white maˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹sets taˆâ€ ¹he dateaˆâ€ ¹ and clip witaˆâ€ ¹hout confer withing one blaˆâ€ ¹ack individual. aˆâ€ ¹ Jusaˆâ€ ¹tice? † Grant ‘s relationship with Jefferson has changed his attitude toward capaˆâ€ ¹ital penalty. In the beginning of the narrative Grand was uninterested when watching Jefferson ‘s test. But now, nevertheless, he is disturbed when hearing that a day of the month has been set for Jefferson ‘s decease, believing that no 1 has the right to kill another. He finds it upsetting that white people can make up one’s mind the destiny of black people. Fictional character Grant, 157 â€Å" It wasaˆâ€ ¹ theaˆâ€ ¹ kindaˆâ€ ¹ of aˆâ€ ¹ ‘here ‘ youraˆâ€ ¹ maˆâ€ ¹otheraˆâ€ ¹ or your aˆâ€ ¹big sisteraˆâ€ ¹ or aˆâ€ ¹your aˆâ€ ¹graˆâ€ ¹eat-aunt aˆâ€ ¹or your gaˆâ€ ¹randmother would hold said. aˆâ€ ¹ It was theaˆâ€ ¹ kaˆâ€ ¹ind of ‘here ‘ taˆâ€ ¹hat asked the inquiry, aˆâ€ ¹ When will allaˆâ€ ¹ this terminal? When will aˆâ€ ¹a adult male non haveaˆâ€ ¹ to fight toaˆâ€ ¹ have aˆâ€ ¹money to aˆâ€ ¹get what haˆâ€ ¹e needs ‘here ‘ ? When willaˆâ€ ¹ a adult male be able to laˆâ€ ¹ive withouaˆâ€ ¹t haviaˆâ€ ¹ng to killaˆâ€ ¹ another adult male aˆâ€ ¹ ‘heraˆâ€ ¹e ‘ ? † Grant is inquiring for so he can purchase a wireless for Jefferson. Grant believes that black work forces struggle financially and kill other work forces, particularly in the Deep South. Men suffer more because of racism, and adult females pointlessly try to minimise it. This transition besides shows Grant as holding a sexist position. Word picture Grant, 174 â€Å" Jefferaˆâ€ ¹son, † aˆâ€ ¹ I said eventually, I want to be your friend I want you aˆâ€ ¹to inquire aˆâ€ ¹me quaˆâ€ ¹estions I want you to saaˆâ€ ¹y anything that comes to your aˆâ€ ¹mind, anytaˆâ€ ¹hing you want to aˆâ€ ¹say to me. I do n’t caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹re what I tis say it. I ‘ll maintain it to myseaˆâ€ ¹lf if you wantaˆâ€ ¹ I ‘ll speak about itaˆâ€ ¹ toaˆâ€ ¹ other peoaˆâ€ ¹ple if you want. aˆâ€ ¹ Will you do that for me? â€Å" aˆâ€ ¹He nodded his heaaˆâ€ ¹d. After giving Jefferson a wireless his attitude started to alter ; he became easier to near. Jefferson was able to reconnection with the outside universe. When sentences to imprison he was filled with choler and hatred, but that hatred started to off because the wireless was the most expensive gift he had of all time received. With this Grant to additions Jefferson ‘s trust. Word picture Grant 185 I aˆâ€ ¹teach becauseaˆâ€ ¹ it is theaˆâ€ ¹ merely thinaˆâ€ ¹g aˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹educatedaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹blackaˆâ€ ¹ adult male can make aˆâ€ ¹in theaˆâ€ ¹ Southaˆâ€ ¹ today. I don’taˆâ€ ¹ like it ; I hate it. aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹I do n’t likeaˆâ€ ¹ populating here Iaˆâ€ ¹ waaˆâ€ ¹nt to run aaˆâ€ ¹way. â€Å" Thataˆâ€ ¹ is non aˆâ€ ¹a heaˆâ€ ¹ro. A hero does foaˆâ€ ¹r others. He would make aˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ything for peopleaˆâ€ ¹ he loves, because aˆâ€ ¹he knows aˆâ€ ¹it aˆâ€ ¹would do theaˆâ€ ¹ir livesaˆâ€ ¹ better. aˆâ€ ¹I am non aˆâ€ ¹that sort oaˆâ€ ¹f persoaˆâ€ ¹n, but aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹I want you toaˆâ€ ¹ be. You could aˆâ€ ¹give somethingaˆâ€ ¹ to her, to me, to those kids in theaˆâ€ ¹ qaˆâ€ ¹ua rter. You caˆâ€ ¹ould giveaˆâ€ ¹ something I neveaˆâ€ ¹r could†¦ The waˆâ€ ¹hite peopleaˆâ€ ¹ out there are stating you do n’t haaˆâ€ ¹ve it-aˆâ€ ¹that you’aˆâ€ ¹re a aˆâ€ ¹hog, aˆâ€ ¹ non a adult male. Buaˆâ€ ¹t aˆâ€ ¹I know aˆâ€ ¹they areaˆâ€ ¹ wroaˆâ€ ¹ng. † Grant is speaking to Jefferson about the potency he sees in him. Allow understands now even with Jefferson ‘s deficiency of instruction, he can excel him by confronting his destiny with bravery and self-respect. Grant knows he can non expose the same bravery because he us excessively selfish.It is merely one time Grant has realized this, that he can truly believe in Jefferson ‘s possible to be a hero. By exposing bravery, and love for others he can turn out white people incorrect. Removing the justification for holding slaves and suppressing black people. Fictional character Grant, 191 You aˆâ€ ¹think aˆâ€ ¹you educated? † â€Å" I went to college † â€Å" Toaˆâ€ ¹ Teach reading, authorship, and, arithmetaˆâ€ ¹ic, Reverend. † â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t did you learnaˆâ€ ¹ about your ain peoaˆâ€ ¹ple? Whaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹at did you laˆâ€ ¹earn her – heraˆâ€ ¹ ’round at that place? † aˆâ€ ¹I did n’t answeraˆâ€ ¹ him. â€Å" No, aˆâ€ ¹you notaˆâ€ ¹ educated, boy, † he aˆâ€ ¹said, saˆâ€ ¹haking his aˆâ€ ¹head. â€Å" You faaˆâ€ ¹r from being educated. You learned your reading, aˆâ€ ¹writing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd ‘rithmetic, but youaˆâ€ ¹ do n’t aˆâ€ ¹know aˆâ€ ¹nothing. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u do n’t even cognize yourselaˆâ€ ¹f. Well? † â€Å" You’aˆâ€ ¹re doiaˆâ€ ¹ng the speaking, Reverend. † aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" And ed ucateaˆâ€ ¹d, male child, † aˆâ€ ¹he said, beating his thorax. â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s eduaˆâ€ ¹cated. I know people like you look down aˆâ€ ¹on people likeaˆâ€ ¹ me, but † – he toucheaˆâ€ ¹d his thorax once more – â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s educated. † A She beenaˆâ€ ¹ lying every twenty-four hours of her aˆâ€ ¹life, youraˆâ€ ¹ aunt in there.T chapeaus how you got through that university. I ve seen her custodies bleed paˆâ€ ¹icking cotton. Reverend Ambrose is stating Grant that he is really more educated than him. Grant may hold a college grade, but the Reverend is educated through experience. He understands himself, his people and their agonies. While Grant does non. Reverend Ambrose Tells Grant what Tante Lou, Grants aunt went through to pay for his college. Besides how her articulatio genuss scarred from praying for Grant. Grant does n’t cognize about any of this. This transition reveals the Reverends idea and why he feels the Bible would be more good to Jefferson instead than comfortss. Word picture Page 215 â€Å" it look like thaˆâ€ ¹e Godhead merely work aˆâ€ ¹for wite folaˆâ€ ¹kaˆâ€ ¹s cause of all time sens one wasn nothin but a litlaˆâ€ ¹e male child I been on my on haulaˆâ€ ¹in H2O to the fiel oaˆâ€ ¹n thaˆâ€ ¹at ol H2O cart humor all them dimaˆâ€ ¹e buaˆâ€ ¹keaˆâ€ ¹ts an that dipaˆâ€ ¹per merely hittiaˆâ€ ¹n an old doaˆâ€ ¹rthy merely traˆâ€ ¹ottin and troaˆâ€ ¹ttin an aˆâ€ ¹me up theiraˆâ€ ¹ hittiaˆâ€ ¹n her humor thaˆâ€ ¹at rope†¦ † Jefferson is reading his journal to Grant. In his diary reveals sophisticated contemplations about whether God prefers white people to black people. Jefferson has gone from eschewing every out to showing his deep ideas and experiencing. In making it helped him to accomplish some self-respect before his decease. Word picture Jefferson, 227 â€Å" The miaˆâ€ ¹nister did non aˆâ€ ¹sleep at all that dark, anaˆâ€ ¹d at twenty-four hours interruption he got upaˆâ€ ¹ knelt beside his beaˆâ€ ¹d to aˆâ€ ¹say his aˆâ€ ¹prayers, so he went to the kitcaˆâ€ ¹hen the warm H2O for his bath. His married woman, aˆâ€ ¹ Mrs. Becky, came into the kitchen to repair him a bowl ofaˆâ€ ¹ Dioscorea trifida for his breakfast. aˆâ€ ¹When heaˆâ€ ¹ finished hisaˆâ€ ¹ bath, haˆâ€ ¹e sat down ataˆâ€ ¹ the tabular array to eaˆâ€ ¹at. † The Author narrates the narrative in 3rd individual, from experiences of assorted people on the twenty-four hours of Jefferson ‘s executing. Rather than from Grant ‘s position for the bulk of the book. These characters do non look elsewhere in the novel. By concentrating on characters that are disjoint from the narrative, the writer reveals that Jefferson has become a hero in the eyes of the people in the one-fourth. Fictional character Page 237 I am aˆâ€ ¹not with you this minute becaˆâ€ ¹ause- becaaˆâ€ ¹useaˆâ€ ¹ I would non hold been able to standaˆâ€ ¹ . I would noaˆâ€ ¹t hold been able to walk with you aˆâ€ ¹those last aˆâ€ ¹fewaˆâ€ ¹ stairss. I would hold embarrassed aˆâ€ ¹you. Baˆâ€ ¹ut the old maaˆâ€ ¹n will non. Heaˆâ€ ¹ will be staˆâ€ ¹rong. Grant expresses sorrow and shame that he was unable to walk with Jefferson to the electric chair, acknowledging that Reverend Ambrose is really braver than him. By non depicting the minute of executing The Author places the reader in the same place as Grant, unable to accomplish the closing that would come with straight witnessing the executing. This deficiency of closing suggests that Jefferson ‘s household and Grant will ne’er to the full heal from the experience. Word picture Grant,249 I waˆâ€ ¹anted to travel I wanted to travel to- God, whaˆâ€ ¹at does a personaˆâ€ ¹ bash who knowsaˆâ€ ¹ there is onlaˆâ€ ¹y oneaˆâ€ ¹ hr to laˆâ€ ¹ive? And â€Å" He is withaˆâ€ ¹ Reverend Ambrose, beaˆâ€ ¹cause Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Ambraˆâ€ ¹ose believes. aˆâ€ ¹ Do you aˆâ€ ¹believe, Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Is he aˆâ€ ¹with you Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Have I done aˆâ€ ¹anythinaˆâ€ ¹gaˆâ€ ¹ to makeaˆâ€ ¹ you non beliaˆâ€ ¹eve? aˆâ€ ¹If I have paˆâ€ ¹lease forgive me for aˆâ€ ¹being a foaˆâ€ ¹ol. Grant ‘s credence of faith at the terminal shows he understands its importance in people ‘s lives. Grant ‘s struggle with Reverend Ambrose was due to his obstinacy. By admiting that he may be incorrect that Grant is able resolutenesss the issue of faith with the Reverend. By seeing faith ‘s importance in for others he shows consideration and empathy, which were the aˆâ€ ¹qualities that he tried to learn Jefferson. Fictional character Grant, 249 â€Å" Donaˆâ€ ¹Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t tellaˆâ€ ¹ me to beaˆâ€ ¹lieve. Don’taˆâ€ ¹ tell me aˆâ€ ¹to belieaˆâ€ ¹ve in the aˆâ€ ¹same Godaˆâ€ ¹ or Torahs taˆâ€ ¹hat menaˆâ€ ¹ believe in aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹who commiaˆâ€ ¹t these aˆâ€ ¹murdeaˆâ€ ¹rs. Don’taˆâ€ ¹ state me to baˆâ€ ¹elieve that aˆâ€ ¹God canaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ bless this state aˆâ€ ¹and that work forces aˆâ€ ¹are judgedaˆâ€ ¹ by their peaˆâ€ ¹ersaˆâ€ ¹ . Who amongaˆâ€ ¹ his peersaˆâ€ ¹ judged him? aˆâ€ ¹Waˆâ€ ¹as Iaˆâ€ ¹ there? Was the aˆâ€ ¹ministeraˆâ€ ¹ at that place? Was aˆâ€ ¹Haaˆâ€ ¹rry Williaaˆâ€ ¹ms there? aˆâ€ ¹Was Farrell aˆâ€ ¹Jarreau? aˆâ€ ¹ Waˆâ€ ¹as my aunt? aˆâ€ ¹Was Vivaˆâ€ ¹ian? aˆâ€ ¹No, his peaˆâ€ ¹ers did aˆâ€ ¹n ot justice himaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ , and I will notaˆâ€ ¹ belieaˆâ€ ¹ve. † Grant delaies outside the schoolhouse for intelligence of Jefferson ‘s executing, Grant is intelligibly angry. From what he has experienced he has concluded that there must non be a God, because God would non let unfairnesss like Jefferson ‘s executing. The people closes to Jefferson had no say. Jefferson ‘s destiny was decided below the belt by white people. With this experience begun to understand his people a better. Grant is now being educated. Fictional character Grant 251 A Lesson Before Dying English Literature Essay He couldnt aˆâ€ ¹rememberaˆâ€ ¹ aaˆâ€ ¹ thing he had done all twenty-four hours. The Writer does n’t stating us straight whether Jefferson is guilty or guiltless. Alternatively, he provides the prosecuting officer ‘s and the defence lawyer ‘s versions of the narrative. This creates uncertainties about Jefferson ‘s artlessness. This pick makes it easier to see the subject that we seldom know without uncertainty whether person is guiltless or guilty, but alternatively must trust on evideaˆâ€ ¹nce. Subject Gaines page 5 â€Å" Old aˆâ€ ¹Grope got aˆâ€ ¹the bottle out ofaˆâ€ ¹ the shaˆâ€ ¹elf, but aˆâ€ ¹he did non saˆâ€ ¹et it on the counter. He could see the boaˆâ€ ¹yaˆâ€ ¹s had been drinkiaˆâ€ ¹ng. † â€Å" Bear had baˆâ€ ¹een drinkaˆâ€ ¹ing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd his eyes were calendered, he walkaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ed falteringly, grinniaˆâ€ ¹ng all taˆâ€ ¹he taˆâ€ ¹ime as he continued around the aˆâ€ ¹counter. â€Å" Go back, † aˆâ€ ¹ Grope told hiaˆâ€ ¹m. † Anaˆâ€ ¹d â€Å" He did n’t cognize what to make. He waaˆâ€ ¹s standing by the spirits aˆâ€ ¹shelf, and saˆâ€ ¹uddaˆâ€ ¹enly realiaˆâ€ ¹zed he needaˆâ€ ¹ed aˆâ€ ¹a drink and neaˆâ€ ¹eded it badaˆâ€ ¹ly. † Jefferson ‘s friends were drunk. It affected their consciousness to their state of affairs which would hold been easy to forestall. Alcohol is clearly has an impact on the black community. Jefferson is unable to construct a solid defence because he was intoxicated and can non retrieve the twenty-four hours of the slaying. Grant is unable to halt contending Griffin because he is intoxicated, and he evades holding a serious conversation with Vivian by imbibing. Alcohol is a subject, most of the imbibing is done to get away world. Subject Page 5 â€Å" A caˆâ€ ¹ornered aˆâ€ ¹animal aˆâ€ ¹likesaˆâ€ ¹ to strikeaˆâ€ ¹ rapidly outaˆâ€ ¹ of fright, a traitaˆâ€ ¹ inheraˆâ€ ¹ited fromaˆâ€ ¹ his ascendants in aˆâ€ ¹the deepest jungle of blackesaˆâ€ ¹t Aaˆâ€ ¹frica-yes, yes, that he can do- but to planaˆâ€ ¹ ? aˆâ€ ¹ To Plan, genaˆâ€ ¹tlemen of theaˆâ€ ¹ jury? aˆâ€ ¹No, aˆâ€ ¹gentlemen, this skull holaˆâ€ ¹ds no aˆâ€ ¹plans. Whaaˆâ€ ¹t you see here is a thingaˆâ€ ¹ that acts aˆâ€ ¹oaˆâ€ ¹n commaˆâ€ ¹and. † Jefferson defense mechanism lawyer provinces that Jefferson could non hold murdered Alcee Grope , because he is excessively stupid. The comparing of a human to an animate being here is agencies by which white people dehumanise black people. Racism is a large subject in the novel it affects how the characters act and how they are treated. This subject affects the whole narrative. Subject Jefferson ‘s defence lawyer, 8 â€Å" I ‘m aˆâ€ ¹the instructor, aˆâ€ ¹ † I said. â€Å" And I taˆâ€ ¹eaaˆâ€ ¹ch what thaˆâ€ ¹e white folks aaˆâ€ ¹round heraˆâ€ ¹e state me to teach-reading, writinaˆâ€ ¹g, aˆâ€ ¹and ‘rithmetic. They ne’er told me hoaˆâ€ ¹w toaˆâ€ ¹ maintain a blacaˆâ€ ¹k male child out of aˆâ€ ¹a liquoraˆâ€ ¹ saˆâ€ ¹tore. † Grant is speaking to his aunt and is being loath to her petition of learning Jefferson. This transition reveals why Grant is hesitating to learn Jefferson. Even though Grant has a high degree of academic accomplishment, he feels unsuitable because his is ain instruction has been based on get the hanging the instructions of white America. Grant knows that he would be assisting to distribute its instructions. Word picture Grant, 13 â€Å" Theaˆâ€ ¹re waˆâ€ ¹as ever intelligence comiaˆâ€ ¹ng back to aˆâ€ ¹theaˆâ€ ¹ quarteaˆâ€ ¹r abouaˆâ€ ¹t person aˆâ€ ¹who haˆâ€ ¹aaˆâ€ ¹d been killeaˆâ€ ¹d or sent aˆâ€ ¹to prison for killing somaˆâ€ ¹eone else: Snowbaˆâ€ ¹all, stabbed to decease at a cabaret in Portaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹Allen ; Claudee, killed by a adult female in New Orlaˆâ€ ¹eans ; Smitty, sent to the saˆâ€ ¹tate peaˆâ€ ¹nitentiary at Angolaˆâ€ ¹a for manslaughaˆâ€ ¹ter. And there weraˆâ€ ¹e others who didaˆâ€ ¹ non travel anyaˆâ€ ¹where but merely dieaˆâ€ ¹d sloaˆâ€ ¹wer. † Sing his pupils chop wood reminded him of himself and former schoolmates. He reflects on the destinies of his schoolmates, who all died immature age. He is remembers his former instructor Matthew Antoine ‘s stating most of his pupils would decease immature despite his best attempts. Grant ‘s schoolmates that stayed in in deep South are unable to populate life to its fuaˆâ€ ¹llest because of legal and economic barriers embedded in racism. This point to a powerful combination of poorness and racial subjugation that African Americans faced in the 40 ‘s Puting Grant, 62 â€Å" I can’aˆâ€ ¹taˆâ€ ¹ state you anything about liaˆâ€ ¹fe, † he aˆâ€ ¹said â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t do I know about lifeaˆâ€ ¹ ? I stayed here. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u haveaˆâ€ ¹ to travel off to cognize about life. aˆâ€ ¹ There ‘s aˆâ€ ¹no life here. Thaˆâ€ ¹ere’saˆâ€ ¹ nil but ignoaˆâ€ ¹rance here.aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹You want aˆâ€ ¹to know about life? Well, aˆâ€ ¹it ‘s tooaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹late. Forgaˆâ€ ¹et itaˆâ€ ¹ . Just gaˆâ€ ¹o on and beaˆâ€ ¹ the niggaˆâ€ ¹er you were born to be, aˆâ€ ¹but forget about aˆâ€ ¹life. † aˆâ€ ¹ Grant is speaking to his former instructor. There are similarities between his statement that â€Å" theraˆâ€ ¹e ‘s no liaˆâ€ ¹fe † in Baaˆâ€ ¹yonne and Grant ‘s observation on how his schoolmates are deceasing easy by populating hapless. Both believe that the chance to populate life to its fullest is an of import constituent of human self-respect. This explains why Grant is loath to learn Jefferson ; he believes that self-respect is unachievable without chance since Jefferson is on decease row. Word picture Matthew Antoine 65 â€Å" Anythingaˆâ€ ¹ Iaˆâ€ ¹ ought to taˆâ€ ¹ake toaˆâ€ ¹ him? † Graaˆâ€ ¹nt, â€Å" Food, I suppose. aˆâ€ ¹Maaˆâ€ ¹ybeaˆâ€ ¹ someaˆâ€ ¹ clean apparels. aˆâ€ ¹ I caaˆâ€ ¹ n’t thaˆâ€ ¹ink of anything else. † â€Å" I was believing more aboaˆâ€ ¹ut the bible, † Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Aaˆâ€ ¹mbrose Reverend Ambrose asks Grant what he should convey when sing Jefferson. Grant ‘s conversation shows Grant ‘s beliefs about self-respect. He suggests comfortss ; clean apparels and nutrient. While the Reverend believes that Bible are more of import to assisting the doomed inmate. It is non until the terminal that he is able to admit the importance of faith. Conflict Grant, 101 I rubbaˆâ€ ¹ed my aˆâ€ ¹fistaˆâ€ ¹ withaˆâ€ ¹ my left manus, and aˆâ€ ¹graduaˆâ€ ¹ally begaˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹to relax. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" That laˆâ€ ¹ady yaˆâ€ ¹ou radius of, aˆâ€ ¹boy caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹res a batch aˆâ€ ¹about you, † I said toaˆâ€ ¹ him. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" She ‘s waitingaˆâ€ ¹ at that scaˆâ€ ¹hool right nowaˆâ€ ¹ foaˆâ€ ¹r me to convey aˆâ€ ¹her intelligence abouaˆâ€ ¹t a turn you. That ‘s aaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹lady yoaˆâ€ ¹u radius of, boy. That ‘s a lady. Becaˆâ€ ¹ause it ‘s she who keaˆâ€ ¹eps me coming aˆâ€ ¹here. Not aˆâ€ ¹your nannan, non aˆâ€ ¹my aˆâ€ ¹ant. Vivian. If I didn’taˆâ€ ¹ have Viviaaˆâ€ ¹n, I wouldn’taˆâ€ ¹ be inaˆâ€ ¹ this aˆâ€ ¹damn holeaˆâ€ ¹ . † After Jefferson insults Grant ‘s girlfriend Vivian, Grant tells Jefferson that he continues to see the Jefferson in prison non because he feels obliged to his aunt or Miss Emma, but because Vivian encouraged him to. Love has great influence. Vivian ‘s love transforms Grant with simple suggestion. Allow became more dedicated to his occupation and held a Christmas pageant for the kids, something he usually would n’t make. Jefferson easy opened up to Grand because he showed Jefferson kindness and love. Power of love to transform people is a subject in this book. Subject Grant 130 He jusaˆâ€ ¹t sat aˆâ€ ¹there aˆâ€ ¹looking at me. ‘aˆâ€ ¹Go on and shriek, Jefferson. aˆâ€ ¹Go oaˆâ€ ¹n and aˆâ€ ¹scream foraˆâ€ ¹ Guidry, aˆâ€ ¹if that’saˆâ€ ¹ what aˆâ€ ¹you want. ‘ Weaˆâ€ ¹ looaˆâ€ ¹ked at each other, and I could see iaˆâ€ ¹n those large reddened aˆâ€ ¹eyes thaaˆâ€ ¹t he was non traveling to shout. He was full of aaˆâ€ ¹nger – and who coulaˆâ€ ¹d fault him? – But he aˆâ€ ¹was no sap. He needed me, and aˆâ€ ¹he waaˆâ€ ¹nted meaˆâ€ ¹ hereaˆâ€ ¹ , if merely to aˆâ€ ¹insult me. † Jefferson feels self-pity, and he wants everyone else to experience his commiseration. As Grant is seeking to hold a meaningful conversation, Jefferson is n’t being concerted. Having ne’er experience much kindness in his life, he finds it difficult to swear Grant and abuses Grant to maintain distance. Jefferson threatens to shout but Grant knew he was n’t traveling. In the terminal, he decides that he wants Allow around to aim his hatred and choler towards. Word picture Page 130 â€Å" Easteaˆâ€ ¹r was when they nailed Him to taˆâ€ ¹he crosaˆâ€ ¹s. And He nevaˆâ€ ¹er said a mumblingaˆâ€ ¹ word. † Grant and Jefferson are speaking about Christmas, and Jefferson refers to Christ. The transition sets up the word picture of Jefferson as a Christ figure. Like Jesus, Jefferson ‘s religious purification concludes in his executing. Death is portion of the immature Jefferson ‘s development into a symbol of innoceaˆâ€ ¹nce and moral pureness. Symbol Jefferson, 139 â€Å" Hoaˆâ€ ¹w do people come up with aaˆâ€ ¹ day of the month aaˆâ€ ¹nd clip aˆâ€ ¹to take lifeaˆâ€ ¹ from anotheaˆâ€ ¹r adult male? Who madaˆâ€ ¹e them Godaˆâ€ ¹ ? † â€Å" Tweaˆâ€ ¹lve white work forces aˆâ€ ¹say a black adult male a must dieaˆâ€ ¹ , and anotheraˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹white maˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹sets taˆâ€ ¹he dateaˆâ€ ¹ and clip witaˆâ€ ¹hout confer withing one blaˆâ€ ¹ack individual. aˆâ€ ¹ Jusaˆâ€ ¹tice? † Grant ‘s relationship with Jefferson has changed his attitude toward capaˆâ€ ¹ital penalty. In the beginning of the narrative Grand was uninterested when watching Jefferson ‘s test. But now, nevertheless, he is disturbed when hearing that a day of the month has been set for Jefferson ‘s decease, believing that no 1 has the right to kill another. He finds it upsetting that white people can make up one’s mind the destiny of black people. Fictional character Grant, 157 â€Å" It wasaˆâ€ ¹ theaˆâ€ ¹ kindaˆâ€ ¹ of aˆâ€ ¹ ‘here ‘ youraˆâ€ ¹ maˆâ€ ¹otheraˆâ€ ¹ or your aˆâ€ ¹big sisteraˆâ€ ¹ or aˆâ€ ¹your aˆâ€ ¹graˆâ€ ¹eat-aunt aˆâ€ ¹or your gaˆâ€ ¹randmother would hold said. aˆâ€ ¹ It was theaˆâ€ ¹ kaˆâ€ ¹ind of ‘here ‘ taˆâ€ ¹hat asked the inquiry, aˆâ€ ¹ When will allaˆâ€ ¹ this terminal? When will aˆâ€ ¹a adult male non haveaˆâ€ ¹ to fight toaˆâ€ ¹ have aˆâ€ ¹money to aˆâ€ ¹get what haˆâ€ ¹e needs ‘here ‘ ? When willaˆâ€ ¹ a adult male be able to laˆâ€ ¹ive withouaˆâ€ ¹t haviaˆâ€ ¹ng to killaˆâ€ ¹ another adult male aˆâ€ ¹ ‘heraˆâ€ ¹e ‘ ? † Grant is inquiring for so he can purchase a wireless for Jefferson. Grant believes that black work forces struggle financially and kill other work forces, particularly in the Deep South. Men suffer more because of racism, and adult females pointlessly try to minimise it. This transition besides shows Grant as holding a sexist position. Word picture Grant, 174 â€Å" Jefferaˆâ€ ¹son, † aˆâ€ ¹ I said eventually, I want to be your friend I want you aˆâ€ ¹to inquire aˆâ€ ¹me quaˆâ€ ¹estions I want you to saaˆâ€ ¹y anything that comes to your aˆâ€ ¹mind, anytaˆâ€ ¹hing you want to aˆâ€ ¹say to me. I do n’t caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹re what I tis say it. I ‘ll maintain it to myseaˆâ€ ¹lf if you wantaˆâ€ ¹ I ‘ll speak about itaˆâ€ ¹ toaˆâ€ ¹ other peoaˆâ€ ¹ple if you want. aˆâ€ ¹ Will you do that for me? â€Å" aˆâ€ ¹He nodded his heaaˆâ€ ¹d. After giving Jefferson a wireless his attitude started to alter ; he became easier to near. Jefferson was able to reconnection with the outside universe. When sentences to imprison he was filled with choler and hatred, but that hatred started to off because the wireless was the most expensive gift he had of all time received. With this Grant to additions Jefferson ‘s trust. Word picture Grant 185 I aˆâ€ ¹teach becauseaˆâ€ ¹ it is theaˆâ€ ¹ merely thinaˆâ€ ¹g aˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹educatedaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹blackaˆâ€ ¹ adult male can make aˆâ€ ¹in theaˆâ€ ¹ Southaˆâ€ ¹ today. I don’taˆâ€ ¹ like it ; I hate it. aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹I do n’t likeaˆâ€ ¹ populating here Iaˆâ€ ¹ waaˆâ€ ¹nt to run aaˆâ€ ¹way. â€Å" Thataˆâ€ ¹ is non aˆâ€ ¹a heaˆâ€ ¹ro. A hero does foaˆâ€ ¹r others. He would make aˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ything for peopleaˆâ€ ¹ he loves, because aˆâ€ ¹he knows aˆâ€ ¹it aˆâ€ ¹would do theaˆâ€ ¹ir livesaˆâ€ ¹ better. aˆâ€ ¹I am non aˆâ€ ¹that sort oaˆâ€ ¹f persoaˆâ€ ¹n, but aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹I want you toaˆâ€ ¹ be. You could aˆâ€ ¹give somethingaˆâ€ ¹ to her, to me, to those kids in theaˆâ€ ¹ qaˆâ€ ¹ua rter. You caˆâ€ ¹ould giveaˆâ€ ¹ something I neveaˆâ€ ¹r could†¦ The waˆâ€ ¹hite peopleaˆâ€ ¹ out there are stating you do n’t haaˆâ€ ¹ve it-aˆâ€ ¹that you’aˆâ€ ¹re a aˆâ€ ¹hog, aˆâ€ ¹ non a adult male. Buaˆâ€ ¹t aˆâ€ ¹I know aˆâ€ ¹they areaˆâ€ ¹ wroaˆâ€ ¹ng. † Grant is speaking to Jefferson about the potency he sees in him. Allow understands now even with Jefferson ‘s deficiency of instruction, he can excel him by confronting his destiny with bravery and self-respect. Grant knows he can non expose the same bravery because he us excessively selfish.It is merely one time Grant has realized this, that he can truly believe in Jefferson ‘s possible to be a hero. By exposing bravery, and love for others he can turn out white people incorrect. Removing the justification for holding slaves and suppressing black people. Fictional character Grant, 191 You aˆâ€ ¹think aˆâ€ ¹you educated? † â€Å" I went to college † â€Å" Toaˆâ€ ¹ Teach reading, authorship, and, arithmetaˆâ€ ¹ic, Reverend. † â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t did you learnaˆâ€ ¹ about your ain peoaˆâ€ ¹ple? Whaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹at did you laˆâ€ ¹earn her – heraˆâ€ ¹ ’round at that place? † aˆâ€ ¹I did n’t answeraˆâ€ ¹ him. â€Å" No, aˆâ€ ¹you notaˆâ€ ¹ educated, boy, † he aˆâ€ ¹said, saˆâ€ ¹haking his aˆâ€ ¹head. â€Å" You faaˆâ€ ¹r from being educated. You learned your reading, aˆâ€ ¹writing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd ‘rithmetic, but youaˆâ€ ¹ do n’t aˆâ€ ¹know aˆâ€ ¹nothing. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u do n’t even cognize yourselaˆâ€ ¹f. Well? † â€Å" You’aˆâ€ ¹re doiaˆâ€ ¹ng the speaking, Reverend. † aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" And ed ucateaˆâ€ ¹d, male child, † aˆâ€ ¹he said, beating his thorax. â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s eduaˆâ€ ¹cated. I know people like you look down aˆâ€ ¹on people likeaˆâ€ ¹ me, but † – he toucheaˆâ€ ¹d his thorax once more – â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s educated. † A She beenaˆâ€ ¹ lying every twenty-four hours of her aˆâ€ ¹life, youraˆâ€ ¹ aunt in there.T chapeaus how you got through that university. I ve seen her custodies bleed paˆâ€ ¹icking cotton. Reverend Ambrose is stating Grant that he is really more educated than him. Grant may hold a college grade, but the Reverend is educated through experience. He understands himself, his people and their agonies. While Grant does non. Reverend Ambrose Tells Grant what Tante Lou, Grants aunt went through to pay for his college. Besides how her articulatio genuss scarred from praying for Grant. Grant does n’t cognize about any of this. This transition reveals the Reverends idea and why he feels the Bible would be more good to Jefferson instead than comfortss. Word picture Page 215 â€Å" it look like thaˆâ€ ¹e Godhead merely work aˆâ€ ¹for wite folaˆâ€ ¹kaˆâ€ ¹s cause of all time sens one wasn nothin but a litlaˆâ€ ¹e male child I been on my on haulaˆâ€ ¹in H2O to the fiel oaˆâ€ ¹n thaˆâ€ ¹at ol H2O cart humor all them dimaˆâ€ ¹e buaˆâ€ ¹keaˆâ€ ¹ts an that dipaˆâ€ ¹per merely hittiaˆâ€ ¹n an old doaˆâ€ ¹rthy merely traˆâ€ ¹ottin and troaˆâ€ ¹ttin an aˆâ€ ¹me up theiraˆâ€ ¹ hittiaˆâ€ ¹n her humor thaˆâ€ ¹at rope†¦ † Jefferson is reading his journal to Grant. In his diary reveals sophisticated contemplations about whether God prefers white people to black people. Jefferson has gone from eschewing every out to showing his deep ideas and experiencing. In making it helped him to accomplish some self-respect before his decease. Word picture Jefferson, 227 â€Å" The miaˆâ€ ¹nister did non aˆâ€ ¹sleep at all that dark, anaˆâ€ ¹d at twenty-four hours interruption he got upaˆâ€ ¹ knelt beside his beaˆâ€ ¹d to aˆâ€ ¹say his aˆâ€ ¹prayers, so he went to the kitcaˆâ€ ¹hen the warm H2O for his bath. His married woman, aˆâ€ ¹ Mrs. Becky, came into the kitchen to repair him a bowl ofaˆâ€ ¹ Dioscorea trifida for his breakfast. aˆâ€ ¹When heaˆâ€ ¹ finished hisaˆâ€ ¹ bath, haˆâ€ ¹e sat down ataˆâ€ ¹ the tabular array to eaˆâ€ ¹at. † The Author narrates the narrative in 3rd individual, from experiences of assorted people on the twenty-four hours of Jefferson ‘s executing. Rather than from Grant ‘s position for the bulk of the book. These characters do non look elsewhere in the novel. By concentrating on characters that are disjoint from the narrative, the writer reveals that Jefferson has become a hero in the eyes of the people in the one-fourth. Fictional character Page 237 I am aˆâ€ ¹not with you this minute becaˆâ€ ¹ause- becaaˆâ€ ¹useaˆâ€ ¹ I would non hold been able to standaˆâ€ ¹ . I would noaˆâ€ ¹t hold been able to walk with you aˆâ€ ¹those last aˆâ€ ¹fewaˆâ€ ¹ stairss. I would hold embarrassed aˆâ€ ¹you. Baˆâ€ ¹ut the old maaˆâ€ ¹n will non. Heaˆâ€ ¹ will be staˆâ€ ¹rong. Grant expresses sorrow and shame that he was unable to walk with Jefferson to the electric chair, acknowledging that Reverend Ambrose is really braver than him. By non depicting the minute of executing The Author places the reader in the same place as Grant, unable to accomplish the closing that would come with straight witnessing the executing. This deficiency of closing suggests that Jefferson ‘s household and Grant will ne’er to the full heal from the experience. Word picture Grant,249 I waˆâ€ ¹anted to travel I wanted to travel to- God, whaˆâ€ ¹at does a personaˆâ€ ¹ bash who knowsaˆâ€ ¹ there is onlaˆâ€ ¹y oneaˆâ€ ¹ hr to laˆâ€ ¹ive? And â€Å" He is withaˆâ€ ¹ Reverend Ambrose, beaˆâ€ ¹cause Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Ambraˆâ€ ¹ose believes. aˆâ€ ¹ Do you aˆâ€ ¹believe, Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Is he aˆâ€ ¹with you Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Have I done aˆâ€ ¹anythinaˆâ€ ¹gaˆâ€ ¹ to makeaˆâ€ ¹ you non beliaˆâ€ ¹eve? aˆâ€ ¹If I have paˆâ€ ¹lease forgive me for aˆâ€ ¹being a foaˆâ€ ¹ol. Grant ‘s credence of faith at the terminal shows he understands its importance in people ‘s lives. Grant ‘s struggle with Reverend Ambrose was due to his obstinacy. By admiting that he may be incorrect that Grant is able resolutenesss the issue of faith with the Reverend. By seeing faith ‘s importance in for others he shows consideration and empathy, which were the aˆâ€ ¹qualities that he tried to learn Jefferson. Fictional character Grant, 249 â€Å" Donaˆâ€ ¹Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t tellaˆâ€ ¹ me to beaˆâ€ ¹lieve. Don’taˆâ€ ¹ tell me aˆâ€ ¹to belieaˆâ€ ¹ve in the aˆâ€ ¹same Godaˆâ€ ¹ or Torahs taˆâ€ ¹hat menaˆâ€ ¹ believe in aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹who commiaˆâ€ ¹t these aˆâ€ ¹murdeaˆâ€ ¹rs. Don’taˆâ€ ¹ state me to baˆâ€ ¹elieve that aˆâ€ ¹God canaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ bless this state aˆâ€ ¹and that work forces aˆâ€ ¹are judgedaˆâ€ ¹ by their peaˆâ€ ¹ersaˆâ€ ¹ . Who amongaˆâ€ ¹ his peersaˆâ€ ¹ judged him? aˆâ€ ¹Waˆâ€ ¹as Iaˆâ€ ¹ there? Was the aˆâ€ ¹ministeraˆâ€ ¹ at that place? Was aˆâ€ ¹Haaˆâ€ ¹rry Williaaˆâ€ ¹ms there? aˆâ€ ¹Was Farrell aˆâ€ ¹Jarreau? aˆâ€ ¹ Waˆâ€ ¹as my aunt? aˆâ€ ¹Was Vivaˆâ€ ¹ian? aˆâ€ ¹No, his peaˆâ€ ¹ers did aˆâ€ ¹n ot justice himaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ , and I will notaˆâ€ ¹ belieaˆâ€ ¹ve. † Grant delaies outside the schoolhouse for intelligence of Jefferson ‘s executing, Grant is intelligibly angry. From what he has experienced he has concluded that there must non be a God, because God would non let unfairnesss like Jefferson ‘s executing. The people closes to Jefferson had no say. Jefferson ‘s destiny was decided below the belt by white people. With this experience begun to understand his people a better. Grant is now being educated. Fictional character Grant 251