Creating a Writing Technolgy :: Invention Inventing Writing Essays

Creating a Writing TechnolgyThis paper is an analysis of the assignment given to force a writing technology. The attempt must be made to write a twenty (or fewer) word text using natural materials only, that is, materials that affirm non been processed, produced, or man-made. The goal is to create a writing technology that uses natural materials, that has permanence, that is legible, and finally, that is creative.I stumbled onto my paper when I ensnare large pieces of bark that had fallen rancid tall trees on campus. The piece I collected was approximately three feet long by one foot wide. The condition of my paper was rather poor. The outdoor surface was rough and gnarled - impossible to write on - and the interior surface, though while overall it was smooth, was rusty brown with various discolorations and had slight raises and bumps in its surface. The bark was cracked along the length of it in many places and ready to break apart if it were to be dropped.With such a unique s urface, I found it interesting that I had taken the tint of good paper for granted. Mark Twain describes his experience of buying a new writing device - a typewriter. Yet he makes no comment on the paper he used (500-3). No doubt the paper he used was of much poorer quality than the paper found today, yet Mark Twain makes no mention of how the typewriter worked on the paper of his day. Perhaps it was a nonissue, that in the same way that I take for granted the good quality of paper today, Mark Twain also took for granted the paper he had available. This experience is consistent with Dennis Barons view that we have a way of getting so used to writing technologies that we come to think of them as natural rather than technological (51). Whether it was paper produced today or in the day of Mark Twain, respectively we were so familiar with the quality of the existing writing mediums that little consideration is given to the materials themselves - as long as they work. Now faced with a p roject of writing on a piece of bark, my assumptions were suddenly removed and I was able to examine writing as a truly laborious process.In choosing my ink, I desired a fruit or vegetable that would be easily obtainable, and that would permanently dapple the bark.

Lord Of The Flies: Flames Of Determination :: essays research papers

Being a part of a group of children having to adapt aft(prenominal) being trapped on a island with no surrounding civilization is an unimaginable situation. However, William Golding shows just how terrifying it can be in his novel, Lord Of The Flies, by his use of symbols to represent hardships. The main symbols, which best portrays characteristics are the fire and the conch symbols leadership and confidence.Ralph feels the need to create a better place as he attempts to ache every one(a) home. Although he is demanding, Ralph shows that he has good ideas and can enforce what he thinks should happen "Shut up," said Ralph absently. He lifted the conch. "Seem to me we ought to have a headsman to decide things," (Golding, 22)." His forcefulness gains respect and a confident response from the others. "Ralph smiled and held up the conch for silence," (Golding, 23)." The conch is mentioned and revered as one of the symbols of such power. As Ralph blows th e conch, the others draw nearer, compelled to follow "By the time Ralph had finished blowing the conch the platform was crowded," (Golding32). gross, however, was aware of the conch first, exclusively Ralph was credited with its stripping and use. When it was first found, Ralph thought it was a stone in the water but Piggy saw it as the shell and explained what he knew about it"A stone." "No. A shell." Suddenly Piggy was a-bubble with decorous excitement. "Sright. Its a shell I seen one like that before. On someones back wall. A conch he called it. The shell emits a deep harsh note boomed. Ralph was amazed at the sound. "Gosh" (Golding, 17) The sheer importance of the discovery of the conch, in addition to its appealing sound, it symbolizes the unity of everyone. Ralph, again, shows his leadership abilities as he recognizes the use of the conch, "Conch?" "Thats what this shells called. Ill give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when hes speaking," (Golding, 33). This recognition shows the beginnings of organization and sharpening skills of the children.Another symbol of strength and command is the fire. Enforcing the rules proves to be a difficult task, but the children would rather play than keep the fire going. Ralph gives the idea for the fire, but it seems to be a formidable task Theres another thing.

Salems Lot and The Shining :: essays research papers

Stephen King sets up the perfect horror scene in room 217 by buliding off of Hitchcock and hos own previous work, Salems Lot. King uses Hitchcocks interpretation of great horror to set for the scene in romm 217. He also uses background from his old work, Salems Lot.Alfred Hitchcocks idea of horror involves human suspense and teh down-to-earth tone of scary situations. Hitchcocks masterful directing leads the audience to be the frist to understand what is going on. The characters are left in the dark until the suspense reaches its climax. As the impending peril builds, the viewer is allowed to wtiness the situation before the character. This raises the level of suspense making it more realistic. Hitchcock takes normal situations and adds a terffiying twist. The twist is always something that has never happened, but is definetely possible. Hitchcocks The Birds is an excellent voice of this. He takes normal situation with normal birds and turns them into killers. As the birds gathe r behind one unsuspecting victim, only the audience is allowed to see the impending danger. The woman is equanimity and collected as she waits on the bench. Hitchcock adds a little scare music and the woman suddenly realizes she is being watched. She whips around in horror and the birds are in that location ready to attack. This scfene is non a common occurance, but to an overactive imagination it could become a very real possibility. Kings early work Salems Lot helps to uprise he has created the perfect horror scene in room 217. Salems lot was, at that time, a suspenseful story about vampires and things that lurk in the night. The spell was predictable, new guys come to town, vampires attack, suspcicious old man is accused. When King wrote Salems Lot his techniques for horror and suspense were still yound and under developed. The element of surprise was more evident than that of suspense. The typography of King matured greatly before he wrote The Shining. The scene in roo, 217 us a perfect horror scene as it takes a realistic situation and turns it frightening. As the beginning of the nover danny is warned by Hallorann not to enter room 217. The first step has been completed, the warning. The second step of building the action begins. Danny steals the passkey, but not only that as Jack has been having hallucinations along with Danny.

Directing Romeo and Juliet Essay -- GCSE Romeo and Juliet

Directing Romeo and JulietIn this assignment I go away be directing act 3 stab one lines 35-136 of the tragic play Romeo and Juliet I intend to use lighting, music, tone, and facial expression to affect the audiences emotions.Introduction============In this assignment I will be directing act 3 scene one lines 35-136 ofthe tragic play Romeo and Juliet I intend to use lighting, music,tone, and facial expression to affect the audiences emotions.I have chosen to use theatre rather than film, because although filmis more versatile with special effects etc, I think it is moredramatic when the exercise is happening directly in front of theaudience.Shakespeare Assignment Romeo and JulietI would set the scene using a background of a typical Verona streetwithout any indication of the time the play is set. I would continuethis theme throughout the play, in the style of the clothes and insidebuildings etc. I think this would be better than having the actors andscenery in a stereotypical Shak espearean style for example having theactors in tights and breeches because it would be more original sowould create more dramatic impact.I would keep the clothes and buildings simple and minimalistic so thatthey are easy to make and wouldnt distract the audiences attentionfrom the story, acting, and language, which should be hot enough tocaptivate the audience.I would dress the actors in colours that reflect the characterspersonalities and the mood they are in. Romeo would be all in white torepresent rightness this would also remind the audience of his recentmarriage to Juliet, illustrating the dramatic irony of this scene.In contrast to Romeo, Tybalt should be dressed in red and black,reflecting his fiery personality. In this scene Romeo should appearinnocent and Tybalt nasty and evil.Benvolio, being irrelevant for the duration of the scene would wearbeige or grey to give the impression of neutrality.Mercutio would be wearing bright colours, but still lookingsophisticated becaus e of his relation to the prince. He would have tostand out from the rest of the characters on stage because he is oftenthe centre of attention.I would begin the scene with bright lighting, to make it seem like ahot day as previously exposit by Benvolio (act3/scene/1line2).As the mood intensifies t... ...ience anticipatethe events that they know are destined to happen.With the entrance of Tybalt, the anger Romeo feels and the tension inthe audience should reach its peak, as Tybalt rushes in angrilywielding his sword looking furious and fiery. Romeo should nowaddress Tybalt coldly, and draws his sword quickly, to show that he isnow determined to kill Tybalt and strike back the death of his friend.I would have Romeo and Tybalt in the centre of the stage, with astrong spotlight following them as they fight, casting shadows, whichwould greatly enhance the anger and rue the characters feel.Tybalt should be killed quickly, with none of the confusion inMercutios death, to reinforce Romeo s determination.When Tybalt is down, Romeo should kneel on the floor, his clothes nowcovered with both Mercutios and Tybalts blood.In his despair, he ignores Benvolio, who warns him about theCitizens and the scene ends with him alone in the bright spotlight,when he cries oh I am Fortunes fool, directed at the audience,rather than Benvolio, once again echoing the theme of fate, as in theprologue and the visions both Romeo and Juliet have before this scene

last words of Christ Essay -- essays research papers

JESUS LAST WORDS ON THE CROSSThe seven last words of deliveryman on the cross demonstrate both his generosity and his divinity, and capture the last moment Jesus went through to gain our forbearance.1. Father forgive them, for they know not what they do (Luke 2334)Forgiveness for those who arrested condemned and executed Jesusbut also forgiveness those who drove the nails into the hands of Jesus, and those who mocked him. It is amazing to see the boundless mercy of Jesus. The first words He utters when he goes onto the Cross argon words of forgiveness. This echoes what Jesus feels today when he looks down upon us and says the same words of forgivenessParallel verse Matt 544 relish your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you and pray for those who spitefully use you and persecute you-- Jesus is putting in practice his own teachings2. Today, you impart be with Me in Paradise (Luke 2343)There were two thieves crucified on either side of Jesus, both gaspi ng for life, and in horrible pain. The thief on the justly had been watching Jesus he knew this man was innocent. He just heard Jesus asking God to forgive the peoplethe thief hears about forgiveness straight from Jesus. So the thief says this man is innocent. He defends Jesus, while no one else does He knows hes close to deathso he asks Jesus remember me when you come to your kingdomhe turns to Jesus for forgiveness, and Christ accepted himtoday you will be wi...

Animal Testing And Human Lives

Animal testing refers to the submission of the laboratory animals (animals such as mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs among others) for experiments to the medical researches for instance in the drug testing and vaccine production, in testing of domestic products, industrialized chemicals, agricultural chemicals, pesticides and paints among others.The animal welfare activists have shown that animal experimenters waste both human and animal lives, as they take to the woods to infect animals with human diseases where as their body seldom serve as good models for the human bodies.These laboratory animals have been deliberately bred for apparently boundless smorgasbord of experimental trials in fields ranging from biological studies, psychological experiences, pharmacology, and physiology to genetic manipulation.In this paper we try to analyze the importance of using laboratory animals and if they save human lives. When we canvas the two articles by Heloisa Sabin and Peggy Carlson, we se e that there is a strong disagreement on the issue that animal research saves human lives.A great help has been achieved by animal testing in research work as seen in the production of vaccines, finding drugs for fighting diseases such as HIV and cancer and in other studies such as opening heart surgery techniques and development of organ transplant.Despite all this we can not be sure on the coefficient of correlation between animal responses to a certain drug to that of man and how stress experiences in laboratory conditions affect the test results.

Ethics Essay Essay

Ethics is a study that deals with whether behavior is cleanly right or wrong in man life. Ethics further relates to human obligations in society, measurements of fairness and individual virtues. Ethical development is an important societal tool that is based on the basis of under stand and defining cultural morality. thither is to a greater extent than unitary type of ethics. In this paper, I will briefly describe the differences between triad types of ethics utilitarianism, virtue theory, and deontological ethics. By comparing the similarities and differences among the lead types one can begin to develop an overall understanding of the role ethics plays on social responsibility.Also, I will give one of my ain experiences and attempt to explain the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts and how they relate to the deontology theory. Utilitarianism ethics are ethics of gists. They are based on the principle that any follow up is good as long as it results in pro viding the greatest good for a majority. This means that the consequences of an action must benefit the greatest number of concourse involved. The best consequences are those in which happiness is maximized, (Brown, C., 2001). Virtue theory is also known as an ethics of duty or obligation and is sometimes referred to as ethics based on character. By definition, virtues are character traits that make up a moral life, (Manias, Monroe, & Till, 2013). This theory stands on the belief that one should strive to be excellent in everything they do while cultivating desirable moral qualities.Deontology is slightly different from virtue theory. It places an emphasis on duties that follow a set of rules. For this theory, an action is right if it is in accordance with a moral rule or principle, (Brown, C., 2001). Like virtue theory, deontology focuses on what is best for everyone involved. However, deontology leans more upon the reason or principles behind thecourse of right action taken. The deontological ethical theory was founded by philosopher Immanuel Kant. Deontology often refers to Kantian ethics. According to Immanual Kant, an action is right if it is in accordance with a moral rule of principle, Brown, C., 2001). There are tangible similarities among all of these three ethical theories. The first similarity would be consequence of action. Consequence is usually not the main focus of an action, yet all three theories expect the outcome of the action to result beneficially. Although the basis of the action varies by principles or virtues, the action should be condoned by the outcome.Perhaps the best way to explain the differences between deontology, virtue ethics, and utilitarianism is to imagine the following scenario from the perspective of all three theories. Suppose you notice a female driver having car trouble and she is stranded on the side of the freeway. As you get closer you notice she is standing in front of her car with the hood open. She is in tears as she waves the smoke coming from her engine away from her eyes. The woman is obviously in train of assistance. By pulling over to assist her, you would be acting on your moral duty. In virtue theory, this act of kindness would be described as a charitable act of admirable character. In utilitarianism the act of kindness would be beneficial to both parties. The example that I provided was actually from my own experience.I was the driver in need of assistance. Thankfully, what I would call a virtuous man happened to stop and assist me that day. The alternator in my car had gone out and my battery was nearly drained by the time the other driver pulled over to help me. I referred to him as a virtuous man because he did not plan on receiving anything in return and did not particularly benefit from helping me. In summary, virtue theory concentrates on ones moral ethics without the expectation of a specific consequence or rule.Utilitarianism focuses on beneficial results for all persons involved while emphasizing the greater good. Lastly, deontology focuses on moral duty in adherence to a specific set of rules or moral code. In conclusion, the quality of life in our culture and society wait greatly on ethical development. There are slight differences and similarities between virtue ethics, deontology and utilitarianism. Through life experiences, one can develop their own face-to-face ethical style which will likely fall in line with one of these theories. For one to develop morally ethical behavior they need to move over a basicunderstanding of right and wrong.ReferencesBrown, C. (2001). Trinity.Edu. Retrieved from http//www.trinity.edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories.html Manias, N., Monroe, D., & Till, J. E. (2013). Ethics Applied (7th ed.). Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc.

Critical Analysis for Composed Upon Westminster Bridge

William Wordsworth growing up spending most of this time alone and most always around nature, typically writes of how we are affecting nature. However in the metrical composition Composed upon Westminster Bridge we see a different side of Wordsworth were he describes a city so still and peaceful the beauty is hard to pass unnoticed. Throughout Composed upon Westminster Bridge Wordsworth uses imagery, figures of speech and tone. This poem we see a new side to Wordsworths writing, Wordsworth uses imagery as a way to make us see and feel what he is as he looks oer Westminster Bridge.He uses visual imagery to make us picture the beauty he is it witnessing. All bright and glittering in the smokeless air, he sees that even the things we never thought to have beauty can prove to be some of the most beautiful things. Never did a sun more than beautiful steep, nature has a way of taking the most truthful things and making them look of something of great beauty. In line eleven Wordsworth uses the esthesis of inter emotions. Saying Nere saw I, never felt a calm so deep, what he saw that morning make him feel so at ease.It is as though he is surprised at how the simplest things from nature can sway our emotions. Wordsworth uses personification in several places in the poem, in reference to the city, sun, river, and houses. He creates the impression that nature is a living being with a soul. In line twelve, the river glideth at his own sweet pull up stakes, is saying nature has a way of taking its own path and journey when its not corrupted by humans. The beauty of such simple things can be seen better when all is still.With the tranquility we can view natures natural beauty, like said in line thirteen, near(a) God The very houses seem asleep. Nature has a way of dressing the city with beauty that we cannot always imagine, this city now doth, like a garment, Wordsworth is using a simile to compare the morning beauty to clothing. The manner in which Composed upon Wes tminster Bridge is written shows a few different tones. Such as, in the first three lines he is showing admiration for the beautiful sight he sees. Its as though hes praising the simplicity of the beauty.Also shown in line nine, never did the sun more beautifully steep, is a tone of praise and awe at just how beautiful a sight it was. The last four lines Wordsworth writes give the tone of peace. How the city was so calm that for those moments it was peaceful. The way Wordsworth uses imagery, figures of speech and tone in the writing of Composed upon Westminster Bridge is how he can get other to feel as if they were there that morning to see and feel what he did. This poem shows that there is beauty in everything, but that to sometimes see this beauty we must look harder to find it.

Global Business Cultural Analysis: Germany Essay

Germany has a rich history and has ciphern many changes throughout the past few decades. Though devastating struggles lose been encountered, like a shot Germany boasts the largest economy, as well as the second most populated country within the European countries. (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013) This paper will analyze the dimensions of German culture, how those dimensions dissemble the way business is conducted, and more specifically, how the business culture of Germany differs and may propose complications for American companies interested in expanding their business globally to Germany. Overall, there are sure enough differentiations in German and American business culture, however, none that would inhibit a business to be successful through a global expansion.As Cesar Chavez at once said, Preservation of ones own culture does non require contempt or disrespect for other cultures. An unbiased point of view or mindset is crucial when one is considering conducting busines s in a country whose culture differs from that of the said businesspersons own culture. That is, if business success is a top priority. The successful global business embraces the culture of the particular country in which they wish to do business and is flexible while still maintaining a strong grasp on their own core values and cultural beliefs.Before one can be successful at differentiating the differences of two cultures, it is grave to have a full understanding of what culture is. Quite often the culture of a particular country or region is thought to connote the arts, food, music and language of an area. Culture encompasses so much more than the elements listed above. The culture of an area is what defines who they are, how they operate, and how they relate to people outside of their culture. The dimensions of culture can be categorise as communication, morality, ethics, values and attitudes, manners, customs, social structures and organizations. (Saterlee, 2009) Saterlee goes on to describe each of these categories of culture by breaking down the complexity of each.The way a culture eats, dresses, speaks (including oral and non-verbal communication) conducts business, punctuation, gender roles, expression of emotions, and education are all just examples of subcategories that fall within the dimensions provided by Saterlee. Clearly there is much that can be wise to(p) not only closely the culture in which a business wishes to pursue operations in, but also in the said businesss own culture. As mentioned earlier, a profound understanding of ones own culture is imperative when conducting business in an entirely different culture. Our superior instrument for understanding the worldintrospection.The best way of knowing the inwardness of our neighbor is to know ourselves. (Lippmann, 1914) What are the major(ip) elements and dimensions of culture in Germany? The sideline question will be answered by covering the history (including previous government style and modern), religion, customs, social structures and ethics, as well as communication. History of German GovernmentUp until 1990 Germany was a divided province consisting of two parts, easternern and westbound Germany. With the arrival of the Cold War, Germany was divided and two states were formed in 1949. Hesperian Germany formed the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and easterlyer Germany formed the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The western Federal Republic took sides with the European Commission (EC) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) while the eastern German Democratic Republic sided with the communist Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. Germany was corporate in 1990 with the diminishing of the Union of Soviet collective Republics (USSR) and the decline of Communism. From this colligation, Germany became a stronghold in the European Union (EU) and as mentioned earlier became what is still the most populated European country.Rebuilding a unified Germany. Fo llowing the unification of eastern and western Germany arose the issue of combining two different economies into one successful economy. This posed many problems due to the success of Western Germany and the lack of success in Eastern Germany. The eastern side had been on a steady decline for the previous years leading up to the unification in 1990. When the unification occurred, it was time to create solutions for a successful merge of the two states to become one flourishing economy. On May 18, 1990 a accord was formed between the two states, which addressed economic and financial matters.Arising from the treaty an agreement was met that stated the Federal Republic would exchange valuable, convertible western tag for less valuable, non-convertible eastern marks. A more in depth look into what is needed for the successful intertwining shows that large investments in communications, railroads, highways, and utilities are major areas that need economic aid within Eastern Germany. L arge companies including Volkswagen and Siemens A.G. made massive investments, which, in turn helped boost the economy and employ thousands of workers. (Harris, 1991)Transition from a Dictatorial nation to a Democratic nation. Throughout history Germany encountered many struggles while trying to develop a democracy. Some of these struggles were caused by perceptions of which were influenced by prior autocratic or dictatorial regimes. Similar to a ghost, the ideology of these previous regimes remained after their fall even during the transition to the new democracy. After the unification in 1990 there were problems that East Germans faced in regards to transitioning to a new style of government. East Germans were unfamiliar with the new democratic style of government. The transitions did not come as a have a go at it shock due to the exposure of such governing principles viewed through media. Before flourishing, there were some economic struggles faced as well by East Germans. (Saaf eld, 1997)Religion There are many similarities between the United States and Germany in relation to religion that will be discussed in further detail later. Germans have the freedom to exercise any religion of their choice. The German Basic Law describes the context of religious freedom within the country. More specifically explained in name 4 Article 4 Freedom of faith, conscience, and creed(1) Freedom of faith and of conscience, and freedom to profess a religious or philosophical creed, shall be inviolable. (2) The undisturbed practice of religion shall be guaranteed. (3) No person shall be compelled against his conscience to render military service involving the use of arms. Details shall be regulated by a federal official law. (Federal Republic of Germany, 1993)The main premise on which the scope of Article four of the German Basic Law was established was the case of Rumpelkammer in 1968. This case was brought about when a Roman Catholic youth organization was planning on pract icing their faith missionary style in public. The group would raise money by collecting used goods such as clothes and other recyclables. The money that was obtained through the recyclables would then be donated to various charities. The group obtained support from priests by having them support parishioners to donate. The issue at hand was when a commercial rag dealer began to complain that the groups activities were illegal and in turn hurting his business. The businessman took it to court and in truth won in the lower court system, however, the Constitutional Court disagreed and overturned the lower courts decision to ban the youth groups method of raising money.The Article Four guarantees of religionirrespective if the creed is rooted in religious or nonreligious ideological beliefentail not only the inner freedom to believe or no believe, that is to profess a particular creed, or to remain silent or disavow a previously held creed and profess a new one, but also the freedom to engage in ritual acts, to proselytize, and to propagandize.Religious exercise has central means for each faith, and in view of its historical content, must be interpreted broadly. It includes not only ritualistic acts, like adherence to religious practices such as worship services, church collections, prayer, receipt of the sacramentbut also religious education, religious and atheistic celebrations and other practices of religious or nonreligious life. (Eberle, 2004)Germany also has an excellent state-church relationship. We see that this was developed early in German history with the strong roots of the Catholic Church embedded in German government. It is known that during the middle ages the Catholic Church maintained an adherence to education particularly in the areas of reading, writing, mathematics, accounting, and the study of science and philosophy. Eberle states, The deep association of the Catholic Church with learning is a major factor in the cooperative relationship tha t has developed between church and state over education. Europeans became accustomed to looking to the Church for support and contribution to society. (Eberle, 2004)

Modernization Theory Essay

Modernization hypothesis is a speculation that explains the process of improvement from an older culture to the newest angiotensin converting enzyme as well as explains the changing ways of communication and media use in traditional and postmodern societies. The theory takes into consideration factors from a certain place with the effrontery that traditional places can be developed to the most recent manners. Modernization theory does not only stress there to be a assortment but also response to that change. It also looks at internal dynamic while referring to hearty and cultural structures and the adaptation of new technologies. So essentially, what is modernisation and what does this theory consist of? To put it simply, modernization is the economic growth within societies. And the modernization theory believes that there are steps to success for every country. Modernization theory evolved in three different time periods. The commencement wave appeared between the 1950s an d 1960s. Western cultures and styles of living were the main goals to reach along with culture, motivations and achievements. Three variants that this first wave brought with them were one economic developments in which smokestack media promote the global diffusion of many technical and social innovations that are essential to modernization, two literacy and cultural developments allow for mas media to teach literacy and other essential skills and techniques and three national identity development permits mass media to support national identities in new nations and attention to parliamentary policies.The second wave of modernization theory is a part of the critical theory that was popular in the 1970s and 1980s. This did not support but or else it criticized the influence of Western modernization. Within this criticism exists another theory called media dependency theory where developing countries are assumed to be dependent on mass media in the core of the Western world. The thi rd wave of modernization theory began to rise in the 1990s. It is here that the modernization begins to be more neutral, neither in favor nor against Western modernization. Instead, it tries to expose the contradictions in the modernization process and simply help explain the consequences of modern living in contemporary society. The theory of modernization has its roots in the ideas of some scholars they produced different theories ab disclose the origins, characters, and future path of modern industrial society. Modernization theory is only optimistic andfull of contradictions. It is authorized to lowstand the history of a situation so a more realist approach can be taken to solve it. Now that the history is understood, it is affirmable to work with it and correct its faults so that the world will not be stuck anymore. The contemporary debate over modernization theory has in many value circled back to researchers agendas.Alongside endless empirical studies of the correlation b etween wealth and democracy, scholars have tried to untangle precisely how and why economic and political developments are related. During the Cold War era, there were three successful theories of global evolution at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The Marxist school that compared modernization improvements with promotion of imperialism and social class exploitation has transformed into a larger liberal program, appealing to conflict against the United States and its limited allies as an instrument for more retributory economic distribution and more checks in global political expansion.The target of globalization more clearly identifies the problem of an enforced overseas model reducing cultural diversity and self-government raising the profile of nationalism over the old subject of class struggle. It is not hard to understand why the hegemonic globalization school may be less outspoken, considering the fact that the meaning of its warnings of threats that can only be a ddressed in a world prepared under clear leadership and newly accommodated to containing political development that allows security dangers to come on and grow. Its neoconservative message calls for imposing a single model, more than comparing secondary approaches of nations and regions while accepting the benefits of diversity.Qualified studies done by multilateral globalization school show that modernization theory accepts that the merge is a long-term furtherance that must remain incomplete as civilizations find consolation in what distinguishes them. The fast pace of technological changes help accelerate integration, and there will be risk of increased interdependence and exposure that will only require more security collaboration. Yet the driving forces of the global system will remain states competing to gain an advantage in boosting their economies and national power. In the context of growing world integration, states will still be in competition to capitalize on moderni zation and shape the global system.Modernization theory predicts that strong economic growth raises homicide rate as it disrupts traditional modes of social system and control. The same applies to high levels of income, at least up to a certain point. It is only after a country has successfully developed and has reached a new more of socio-economic organization and non-traditional social reforms of control that crime evaluate can be expected to decline again if not with the respect to property crime, then at least as concerns violent crime. This is compatible with modernization theory based on Durkheim n that moral individualism need not lead to higher rates of violence crimes as so-called organic solidarity will eventually substitute for traditional social control and constraints on individual behavior.Modernization theory is wakeless for the greater of all but because it is a general theory its actions can be biased. Even with its contemporary works, it continues being a work in progress to make it better than what it is. Living in the twenty-first century only means more and faster technology, programs, data and many other things that are out there that certain places, countries and nations have possibly yet to discover or be aware of. Possibly, by giving that extra hand and helping one another as a civilization, this good for the greater of all can simply be greatness for all.

Evaluate One Philosophical Theory That Tries to Deal with Agrippa’s Trilemma.

Evaluate one philosophical surmisal that tries to deal with Agrippas Trilemma. Agrippas Trilemma gives us the three possibilities when trying to justify a impression. The starting line is that our beliefs are unsupported the second that there is an in mortal chain of justification the third being that there is a circular chain of justification. One theory that tries to deal with this is foundationalism, which suggests the scratch option of Agrippas Trilemma is true. Throughout this essay I will argue why although one of the more popular theories, it still has its flaws.Foundationalism suggests that the first option of Agrippas Trilemma- that there are beliefs that can be unsupported- is correct for certain foundational beliefs. The epistemic regress command, as explained well Richard Fumerton, shows how this is likely to be the case. Its best to explain this with an example. Lets say, a man comes up to you and tells you it is going to rain tomorrow, and as evidence he says becaus e the winds are going to assortment direction. You ask him why he thinks this, and he says he just has a feeling.Naturally you take this as nonsense, a poor justification for his claim, and tire outt believe him. This shows us then that to be justified in believing something, P, because of E, you must be justified in believing E. However, lets say his justification for believing E- that the winds were changing bringing rain- was that he saw it in a gypsys crystal ball. Though he may think this is a good justification because he believes in that sort of thing, you are sceptical and again dismiss his claim.This brings us to expand our first pattern to what is known as the Principle of Inferential Justification (PIJ) To welcome justification for believing P on the basis of E one must non only have (1) justification for believing E, but (2) justification for believing that E makes probable P. (Fumerton, 2002) From the PIJ we can easily show how the epistemic regress argument unfo lds. Going back to the example, if you were to believe P, there must be another proposition you could legitimately infer it to be true E1.But, surely the only representation E1 could justify you that P is true is if E1 is itself justified, and if justification is inferential then it would mean E1 would have to be legitimately inferred from another proposition E2. As you can promise this would go on and on infinitely, hence why its a regress argument (Fumerton, 2002). The solution would be to reach a proposition that didnt need any further justification, one that was noninferential- self-justifiable- and so could be a foundational belief.One foundational belief thought up by Rene Descartes is that he existed, in his famous Cotigo ergo Sum I think, therefore I am meditation (Descartes, 1641). From being sure of his humankind he then tried to build more beliefs, which is how foundationalism works. The brain of his existence is, to him, infallible, and therefore it could theoretical ly be used as foundation on which to build more beliefs. However, even such foundations such as the existence of ones self can be called into question. It is believed that truly infallible beliefs are very few, or arguably do not exist at all (Pritchard, 2006, 41).This is a fuss because, even if a truly infallible belief or beliefs can be deduced, they would be overly few and overly narrow to be able to build a involved series of beliefs on top of. What I mean by this is that the path from basic foundational beliefs to derived beliefs would be very tricky to bridge. Pritchard used the example of believing 2+2=4 as infallible. How then, he argued, would he deduce from this belief that he is sit down at his desk? The problem with suggesting the foundational belief must be infallible is that it is too strict. Logical entailment- where p logically follows a proposition q, therefore p cannot be true without q being true- is a key part of foundationalism, and so foundationalists with the belief that foundational beliefs must be truly infallible have to deal with this problem (Foundationalism, n. d. ). In response to this, Pritchard goes on to say you could argue that fallible beliefs perhaps could be used as a foundation. The agenting for this is because infallible beliefs are too strict so perhaps the only option is to open up to such beliefs.An example would be sensory(prenominal) beliefs perhaps these should be accepted as foundational beliefs. However he acknowledges that this does create another problem that you would have to argue why you think these deserve to be foundational beliefs. Surely though, sensory beliefs such as there is a book on my desk because I can see it have some doubt, and still require justification of their own? The doubt I am referring to is you could, however unlikely, be hallucinating the book and therefore are not fully justified in believing it is there.Your senses cannot be fully trusted. You would have to then justify, surely , how do you know your eyes are seeing a book and your brain isnt just hallucinating, and by doing this you are proving that sensory beliefs are not fully grounded foundational beliefs. This argument is similar to the evil demon argument and dream argument, as they alike dismiss sensory beliefs as foundational (Descartes, 1641). This shows that fallible beliefs also have their problems. Some argue that these non-inferential justified beliefs simply dont exist.Lets say that statement P is claimed to be a non-inferential justified belief. For subject S to be justified in believing P is true, he must have a reason. He must also therefore have a belief in which gives him this reason to justify his believing in P. But how can this be, that S relies on another belief? By being inferentially justified, it has just contradicted itself (Pojman, n. d). However a counter for this by some foundationalists would simply be that there neednt be a reason for believing P but P itself, as is the def inition of a self-justifiable belief.So, I believe the argument for foundationalism is a good one because as finite beings we cannot deal with an infinite chain of justifications. There must be a bottom, such as Descartes foundational belief. I cannot, however, ignore the arguments against foundationalism. Fallible beliefs should be dismissed as they are flawed from the start, because claiming a belief that can be doubted as fully-grounded is doomed to fail from the start. The problem of moving basic beliefs on to more complex derived beliefs is harder to counter, but Id still say that infallible foundational beliefs are still the strongest argument for foundationalism.Perhaps it is just that no philosopher has yet discovered undeniable non-inferrential foundational beliefs so far. Word count 1140 Bibliography Descartes, R (1641) Meditations on First Philosophy, in John Cottingham (ed) Meditations on First Philosophy Cambridge University Press, 13-15, 17 Fumerton, R. (2002) Conditi ons and Analyses of Knowing, in Moser, P. (ed. ) The Oxford handbook of Epistemology Oxford OUP, 204-33. Foundationalism. (1999) ONLINE Available at . Pojman, ONLINE Available at Accessed 18 November 12 Pritchard, D. (2006) What is this thing called knowledge? London Routledge, 39-41

Protective Equipment Is to Reduce Employee Exposure to Hazards Essay

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, cathartic love, light, and various reaction products.1 Slower oxidative processes like rustingor digestion are not holdd by this definition. The flame is the visible portion of the fire. If hot enough, the gases may start ionized to produce plasma.2 Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the colorof the flame and the fires intensity forget be different. Fire in its most common frame of reference bathroom result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause physical damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological systems across the globe. The positive effect of fire hold stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological systems. Fire has been used by humans for cooking, generating heat, signaling, and propulsion purposes. The negative effects of fire include piss contamination, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution and haza rd to human and animal life.3 Fire Technology is a peer-reviewed academic journal publishing scientific search dealing with the full range of actual, possible, and potential fire hazards facing humans and the environment.1 It publishes line of descental contrisolelyions, both theoretical and empirical, that contribute to the solution of problems in fire natural rubber and related fields. It is published bySpringer in conjunction with the National Fire Protection Association.2 Arson1 is the crime of intentionally and maliciously cut backting fire to buildings, wildlandareas,2 cars34 or other retention with the intent to cause damage. It may be distinguished from other causes such as spontaneous combustion and natural wildfires. Arson often involves fires deliberately set to the property of another or to ones own property as to collect insurance compensation.5 vexIn physics and chemistry, heat is si sunrise(prenominal) transferred from one body to another by thermal interactions .12 The transfer of energy finish occur in a variety of ways, among them conduction,3 radiation,4 and convection. Heat is not a property of a system or body, but instead is always associated with a process of some kind, and is synonymous with heat flow and heat transfer. Heat flow from hotter to colder systems occurs spontaneously, and is always go with by an increase in entropy. In a heat engine, internal energy of bodies is harnessed to provide useful work. The support law of thermodynamicsprohibits heat flow directly from cold to hot systems, but with the aid of a heat pump external work can be used to transport internal energy indirectly from a cold to a hot body. Transfers of energy as heat are macroscopic processes. The origin and properties of heat can be understood through the statistical mechanics of microscopic constituents such as molecules and photons.For instance, heat flow can occur when the quickly vibrating molecules in a high temperature body transfer some of th eir energy (by direct contact, radiation exchange, or other mechanisms) to the more slowly vibrating molecules in a lower temperature body. Oxygen is a chemical particle with symbol O and atomic number 8. Its name derives from the Greek roots (oxys) (acid, literally subtle, referring to the sour taste ofacids) and - (-gnos) (producer, literally begetter), because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. Atstandard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2. This substance is an important part of the atmosphere, and is necessary to sustain most terrestrial life.A fire carry awayer, flame extinguisher, or simply an extinguisher, is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the ce iling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish afire. Fire prevention is a function of many fire departments. The goal of fire prevention is to educate the public to take precautions to prevent potentially prejudicial fires, and be educated about surviving them. It is a proactive method of reducing emergencies and thedamage caused by them. Many fire departments have a Fire measure Officer.In the general sense of preventing harmful fires, many aspects are discussed in the articles Fire protection and Fire safety.Wildfire suppression refers to the firefighting tactics used to suppress wildfires. Firefighting efforts inwildland areas requires different techniques, equipment, and genteelness from the more familiar structure firefighting found in populate d areas. Working in conjunction with specially designed firefighting aircraft, these wildfire-trained crews suppress flames, construct firelines, and extinguish flames and areas of heat to protect resources and natural wilderness. Wildfire suppression also addresses the issues of the wildland-urban interface, where populated areas border with wildland areas. Firewall may refer to* Firewall (construction), a barrier inside a building or vehicle, designed to limit the spread of fire, heat and structural collapse * Firewall (automobile), the part of the vehicle that separates the engine from the driver and passengers * Firewall (computing), a technological barrier designed to prevent unauthorised or unwanted communications between computer networks or hosts * Firewall (Physics), a blast of Hawking Radiation seen by a freely falling commentator upon crossing the horizon of a black hole.Firetrapfiretrap is a British habit company, founded in 1991,1 specialising in premium menswear and accessories. It is the main brand within the WDT company (World function and Trade), which also owns its sister brand Fullcircle along with previous brands SC51 and Sonnetti. Firetrap is firmly established internationally and is sold in more than 30 countries2 and 1,500 stores worldwide. There are octad stand-alone stores in the UK a Covent Garden store in London and others in Belfast, Liverpool, Leeds, EdinburghWestfielddisambiguation needed, Sheffield & Nottingham (2010).3 The brand is a key player worldwide with a new store in Dubai and concessions throughout Europe including Italy, Germany and France.ConflagrationA conflagration or a blaze is an uncontrolled burning that threatens human life, animal life, health, or property. A conflagration can be accidentally begun, naturally caused (wildfire), or intentionally created (arson). Arson can be accomplished for the purpose of sabotage or diversion, and also can be the consequence of pyromania. During conflagration the property i s damaged or destroyed by fire. Sometimes the conflagration produces a firestorm, in which the primaeval column of rising heated air induces strong inward winds, which supply oxygen to the fire. Conflagrations can result in casualties, deaths, or injuries from smoke inhalation orburns. burnCombustion (pron. /kmbs.tn/) or burning is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can produce light in the form of either glowing or aflame. Fuels of interest often include organic compounds (especially hydrocarbons) in the gas,liquid or solid phase. In a complete combustion reaction, a compound reacts with an oxidizing element, such asoxygen or fluorine, and the products are compounds of each element in the fuel with the oxidizing element. For example CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + energyA simple example can be seen in the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, which is a com monly used reaction in rocket engines 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O(g) + heatThe result is water desiccation.Complete combustion is almost impossible to achieve. In reality, as actual combustion reactions come to equilibrium, a wide variety of major and minor species go forth be present such as carbon monoxide and pure carbon (soot or ash). Additionally, any combustion in atmospheric air, which is 79 percent nitrogen, will also create several forms of nitrogen oxides.Fire pointThe fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame. At theflash point, a lower temperature, a substance will ignite briefly, but vapor might not be produced at a rate to sustain the fire. Most tables of material properties will only list material flash points, but in general the fire points can be assumed to be about 10 C higher than the flash points. However, this is no substitute for exam if the fire point is safety critical.Degree Celsi usCelsius, also known as centigrade,1 is a exfoliation and social unit of measurement for temperature. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (17011744), who essential a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to omen a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or anuncertainty. The unit was known until 1948 as centigrade from the Latin centum translated as 100 and gradus translated as steps From 1743 until 1954, 0 C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere with mercury being the working material. Although these defining correlations are commonly taught in schools today, by international agreement the unit degree Celsius and the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different temperatures absolute set, and the triple point of VSMOW (specially purified wate r).This definition also on the nose relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit ofthermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible at which matter reaches minimum entropy, is defined as being precisely 0 K and 273.15 C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as precisely 273.16 K and 0.01 C. This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the chiliad as precisely 1 part in 273.16 (approximately 0.00366) of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Thus, it sets the magnitude of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin as exactly the same. Additionally, it establishes the difference between the two scales null points as being precisely 273.15 degrees Celsius (273.15 C = 0 K and 0 C = 273.15 K).3Fahrenheit(postnominal)Fahrenheit (symbol F) is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenhei t (16861736).1 Within this scale, the freezing of water into ice is defined at 32 degrees, while the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 degrees on Fahrenheits original scale the freezing point of brine was zero degrees. The Fahrenheit scale was replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries during the mid to late 20th century, though Canada retains it as a supplementary scale that can be used alongside Celsius.2345 Fahrenheit remains the official scale of the United States,Cayman Islands, Palau, Bahamas and Belize.6 The Rankine temperature scale was based upon the Fahrenheit temperature scale, with its zero representing absolute zero instead. in-person protective equipmentPersonal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearers body from injury. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. P rotective equipment may be worn for job-relatedoccupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities. Protective clothing is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and protective gear applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others. The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails.1

Ethics during Change Paper Essay

The purpose of channelise in the work place is to help make the people there and make a difference in the company. Change is needed to make improvements and make better things so that a company sess move forward and centralise on the prospective. In this composition one will help the reader understand some ethical issues that organizations may impertinence when make potpourris to their companies. Understanding this will help the reader identify ethical issues with in their own company when implementing change. Companies face many challenges when it comes time for change. However, ethical challenges are more difficult to figure out when it is detected. There may be many ethical issues that companies yield to go through, scarcely some are easier to focus on. nonpareil major issue set up start with self-control. Even though companies have their own set of policies, rules, and another(prenominal) directions all ethical issues are belt up a problem that management has to wait. It is best that when implementing changes that the employees are still informed with the changes that will be make. Not notwithstanding will change help motivate but it will also impact the employees on new knowledge within the physical process of change. Companies want for their employees to have self-control when it comes to making ethical decisions.Change butt joint be overwhelming at times, not only for the people who work within the company, but everyone who plays a part in that company. Even though it can be disruptive it is best to make sure that everyone is involved. Figure out how to change the focus on making it less of a problem. The company needs to plan ahead, so that they will be ca-ca for the different outcomes that come with innovation and change. Companies may want to give their employees a heads up on the process but may not be able to until a certain point of the process is met. Changes will impress the way the employees do their jobs but management ne eds to speak up so that they do not become a disruption in the change process that they are trying to implement. This can be a down fall for some companies because giving information to soon may affect the process of change. Communication also plays a role in the process of change and dealing with ethical motive. An unbuttoned lineof communication is best to help communicate the needs and wants for change within that organization. When communicating with the employees and mental faculty this helps build the trust between the two.When companies are not honest and giving the employees the information about the change they are trying to make it makes it difficult for the employees to trust when the change is implemented because they were not aware of what was red ink on. Not letting the staff know whats going on can cause problems of trust, how they do their jobs, and the way that they perform. Team work is essential because the ethical behavior to the employees and community can he lp the seam more than they know. Participating in the process of change can help the company see where their future may be when they work for the greater purpose in making these changes. These changes that will be made for companies can benefit everyone in the organization. Rewarding the ones who helped with the change process and treating them in an ethical manner, will express greater results for them in the long run. Ways to resolve ethical issues can be to educate the employees on a code of ethics and how they want their company to be run. Giving them examples and leading with confidence can help them resolve common ethical dilemmas.Companies need to be clear in what they want and leaven their employees ethical behavior through their eyes. Let the employees know what is expected when ethical problems appear give them the misadventure to show them that they know how to handle the situation. Again reward those who make the good ethical decisions. There are plenty of ethical ch allenges companies will come across throughout time. The way to understand how to address these problems, and all(prenominal) of the different challenges, is to think of the source of the problems and how the company is affected by those results. Companies want to come out on top and show that they are better than their competitors. If an organization focuses on the right things such as ethics and how they run their company they will come out on top. Making sure that all the factors higher up are address when situations in the change process accrue then they should be able to handle the issues with no problem. Problems accrue when the management is not ethically trained and when they dont know how to focus on the right subjects. All focus during the change process needs to be on the employees and how the change will affect the company.

HVDC Light Technology Essay

tweetThis document reveals theHVDC cleverness DC contagion technology.It is used in underground transmission system and moreover provides evidence to point transmission.HVDC lightness requires only twain elements namely a convertor station and a duplicate of ground strains. The unseasoned HVDC timid crinkle is an extruded, single-pole line of reasoning. It is ideally suited for feeding office staff into growing metropolitan atomic bod 18as from a suburban substation. HVDC Light is inherent milieually friendly credit lines instead of OH transmission lines. Virtually no magnetic field. The environmental gains would be substantial, since the provide supplied via the DC cables will be impartted from cost-effective force-out plants in the briny AC control grid.1. INTRODUCTIONA hundred years ago, the transformer and a new transmission and distributionbe controlled precisely and independently hind end replace crash lines at no pricecontrol capabilities that are n ot present oreconomically feasible to unite smallscale,Equally important, HVDC Light hasfor inefficient, polluting local anaesthetic generationfrequency, active and unstable power canislands, mining districts and drillingloads from a master(prenominal) AC-gridof each other. This technology also relieson a new type of underground cable which penalty platforms can be supplied with power from possible even in the most sophisticated ACrenewable power generation. renewable power generation plants such as diesel engine units.The voltage, .Connect small scaleFeeding remote isolatedFlexible transmissionSystem technology, HVDC Light, turn overs it the briny grid,thereby eliminating the needto the main AC grid. Vice versa,using thevery same technology, remote locations asthe three phase system made it possible totransmit AC power efficiently and economically over vast distances and todistributethe power toamultitude ofusers.Since then all aspects of transmission anddistribution have de veloped by means oftechnical improvement and evolution. This AC transmission and distributiontechnology has made it possible to locategeneratingplants in optimum locations, andtoutilize them efficiently. This has alsoresulted in great environmental gains.Thermal plants have been located wherethey can be supplied with fuel by means of anefficient transportation system, therebyreducing waste and pollution.Hydro plantshave been located where the hydroresources can be used at the greatestadvantage. And large generating plantshave meant fewer budget items lines than amultitude of smaller generating plantswould have required.However, todays AC transmission anddistribution systems are, at least inprinciple, base on ideas that haventchanged much since a hundred years ago. To transmit power, step up the voltage withtransformers, transmit power, step downthe voltage and distribute power.Despitetheir proven advantages, it is difficult andexpensive to adapt AC transmission anddistribution sy stems to the numerous smallscalegenerating plants that are being built,or to the increasingly complex and variableproduction and load demands.Environmental concerns and regulationsalso put heavy restrictions on building right-of-ways and on small-scale, fossilfuelledgenerating plants, such as dieselgenerating plants.These new trends require networks that areflexible. The networks must be able to copewith large variations in load and frequentchanges in productions patterns with tougher environmental regulations.Also, in such flexible networks, the powerflow and the voltages require precisecontrol in order to make the grids stable and economic.2. engineeringAs its name implies, HVDC Light is a DCtransmission technology. However, it isdifferent from the classic HVDCtechnology used in a large number oftransmission schemes. Classic HVDCtechnology is mostly used for large point-to-point transmissions, often over vastdistances across land or under water. It requires fast communications cha nnelsbetween the two stations, and there mustbe large rotating units generators orsynchronous condensers present in theAC networks at some(prenominal) ends of thetransmission.HVDC Light consists of only two elements a converter station and a agree ofground cables. The converters are voltagesource converters, VSCs. The sidetrack from the VSCare goaded by the controlsystem, which does not require anycommunications links between the differentconverter stations. Also, they dont need torely on the AC networks ability to keepthe voltage and frequency stable. Thesefeatures make it possible to connect theconverters to the points bests suited for theAC system as a whole.Power range up to 100 MWIndependent control of active and reactive powerCan feed power to AC network without ownGeneration DCThe converter station is knowing for apower range of 1-100 MW and for a DCvoltage in the 10-100 kV range. One suchstation occupies an area of less than 250sq. m. (2 700 sq. ft.), and consists ofj ust a few elements two containers for theconverters and the control system, threesmall AC air-core reactors, a simpleharmonics filter and some cooling fans. 20MW18x12mThe converters are using a coiffure of six valves,two for each phase, equipped with highpowertransistors, IGBT (Insulated GateBipolar Transistor). The valves arecontrolled by a computerized controlsystem by pulse width modulation, PWM.Since the IGBTs can be switched on or off, the output voltages and currents onthe AC side can be controlled precisely.The control system mechanically adjuststhe voltage, frequency and flow of activeand reactive power according to the needof the AC system.The PWM technology has been tried andtested for two decades in switched powersupplies for electronic equipment ascomputers.Due to the new, high powerIGBTs, the PWM technology can now beused for high power applications as electricpower transmission.HVDC Light can be used with regularoverhead transmission lines, but it reachesits full pot ential when used with a new kindof DC cable. The new HVDC Light cable isan extruded, single-pole cable. As anexample a pair of cables with a conductorof 95 sq mm aluminum can carry a load of30 MW at a DC voltage of +/-100KV.Handling the cable is easy. Despite its large power-carrying qualificationit has a specific weight of just over 1 kg/m.Contrary to the end with AC transmissiondistance is not the factor that determinesthe line voltage. The only limit is the costof the line losses, which may be lowered bychoosing a cable with a conductor with alarger cross section. Thus, the cost of apair of DC cables is additive with distance.Insulation 5.5 mm triple extrudedScreen Copper wireSheath HDPEWeight 1.05 kg/mVoltage 100 kV DCCurrent 300 APower 30 MW film director 95 mm2AluminumA DC cable connection could be more costefficientthan even a medium distance ACoverhead line, or local generating unitssuch as diesel generators.The converter stations can be used indifferent grid configur ations. A singlestation can connect a DC load or generatingunit, such as a photo-voltaic power plant,with an AC grid. Two converter stationsand a pair of cables make a point-to pointDC transmission with AC connections ateach end. Three or more converter stationsmake up a DC grid that can be connected toone or more points in the AC grid or todifferent AC grids.An HVDCLight network can be configured radial or meshed,like any network.The DC grids can be radial with multi-dropconverters, meshed or a combination ofboth. In other words, they can beconfigured, changed and expand in muchthe same way AC grids are.3. APPLICATIONS3.1 OVERHEAD LINESIn general, it is getting increasingly difficultto build overhead lines. Overhead lineschange the landscape, and the constructionof new lines is often met by public resentment and political resistance. Peopleare often concerned about the possiblehealth hazards of living close to overheadlines. In addition, a right-of-way for a high voltage line occu pant semiprecious land. Theprocess of obtaining permissions forbuilding new overhead lines is alsobecoming time-consuming and expensive.Laying an underground cable is a mucheasier process than building an overheadline.A cable doesnt change the landscapeand it doesnt need a wide right-of-way.Cables are rarely met with any publicopposition, and the electromagnetic fieldfrom a DC cable pair is very low, and also astatic field. Usually, the process ofobtaining the rights for laying anunderground cable is much easier, quickerand cheaper than for an overhead line.A pair of HVDC Light cables can beplowed into the ground. Despite their largepower capacity, they can be put in placewith the same equipment as ordinary, AChigh voltage distribution cables. Thus,HVDC Light is ideally suited for feedingpower into growing metropolitan areasfrom a suburban substation.3.2 REPLACING LOCAL GENERATIONRemote locations often need localgeneration if they are situated far away(p)from an AC grid. The dista nce to the gridmakes it technically or economicallyunfeasible to connect the area to the maingrid. Such remote locations may be islands,mining areas, fumble and oil fields or drillingplatforms. Sometimes the local generators use gas turbines, but diesel generators aremuch more common.An HVDC Light cable connection could bea better choice than building a local powerplant based on fossil fuels.Theenvironmental gains would be substantial,since the power supplied via the DC cableswill be transmitted from efficient powerplants in the main AC grid. Also, thepollution and noise produced when thediesel fuel is transported will be completelyeliminated by an HVDC line, as the needfor frequent maintenance of the diesels.Since the cost of building an HVDC Lightline is a linear function of the distance, abreak-even might be reached for as shortdistances as 50- 60 km.HVDC Light lowest costAC + Overhead lineHVDC Light + cableCost insideAC gridDistance from the AC grid eliminate local diesel Cost/ kWh3.3 CONNECTING POWER GRIDSRenewable power sources are often builtfrom scratch, beginning on a small scaleand gradually expanded. Wind turbine farms is the typic case, but this is alsotrue for photovoltaic power generation.These power sources are usually locatedwhere the conditions are particularlyfavorable, often far away from the mainAC network. At the beginning, such aslowly expanding energy resource cannotsupply a remote community with enoughpower.An HVDC Light link could be anideal solution in such cases.First, the link could supply the communitywith power from the main AC grid,eliminating the need for local generation.The HVDC Light link could also supply thewind turbine farm with reactive power for the generators, and keeping the powerfrequency stable.When the power output from the windgenerators grows as more units are added,they may supply the community with asubstantial share of its power needs. Whenthe output exceeds the needs of theCommunity, the power flow on the HVD CLight link is reversed automatically, and thesurplus power is transmitted to the mainAC grid.Wind power miniscule scale hydropowerHVDC LightExtruded cableDistant ac- gridWaste gas is usually burned at offshoredrillingplatforms, since it is too expensive,or technically difficult, to use the gas for power generation and transmit it by an ACcable to the main grid on the shore. Thus,the energy content of the gas is wasted, andthe primitive combustion process is source ofpollution. With an HVDC Lightunderwater cable transmission, the gas canbe used as gas turbine fuel, supplying boththe platform and the main AC grid withpower. The process of burning the gas ingas turbines would also produce much acleaner exhaust than simple burning woulddo.The DC underwater cable network could easily be extended to other offshoreplatforms.3.4 ASYNCRONOUS LINKSTwo AC grids, adjacent to each other butrunning asynchronously with respect toeach other, cannot exchange any powerbetween each other. If there i s a surplus ofgenerating capacity in one of the grids itcannot be utilized in the other grid. Each ofthe networks must have its own capacity of peak power generation, usually in the formof older, inefficient fuel fossil plants, ordiesel or gas turbine units. Thus, peakpower generation is often a source ofsubstantial pollution, and their fueleconomy is frequently bad.A DC link, connecting two such networks,can be used for corporate trust the generationcapacities of both networks. Cheap surpluspower from one network can replace peakpower generation in the other. This willresult in both reduced pollution levels andincreased fuel economy. The powerexchange between the networks is alsovery easy to measure accurately.4. ADVANTAGES* Transmission by HVDC Light saves the environment by replacing local fossil-fueled generation withtransmission from main AC-grid. * Connecting small scale renewable power to main AC grid. * HVDC Light is inherent environmentally friendlycables instead of OH tran smission lines. * Virtually no magnetic field. * No ground currents because of bipolar transmission.5. CONCLUSIONHVDC Light technology saves theenvironment by replacing remote fossilfuelledgenerators with cost-efficienttransmission of power from efficient andclean, large-scale generation productionunits. The efficiency of a modern, largescale, thermal generating plant is usually 25percent higher than that for a modernsmall or moderate scale diesel generatorplant,Vice versa, HVDC Light provides aconvenient and cost-effective way forconnecting renewable and non-pollutingenergy sources as wind power farms andphotovoltaic power plants to a main grid.The HVDC Light technology in itself hasstrong environmental benefits.Since poweris transmitted via a pair of underground cables, the electromagnetic fields from thecables cancel each other. Any residual fieldis a static field, as opposed to the powerfrequencyfields radiated from AC cables.Since HVDC Light transmissions arebipolar, they do no t inject any currents intothe ground. Ground currents can disturbcommunications systems or causecorrosion on gas or oil pipelines.A pair of light-weight DC cables can beeasily plodded into the ground at a costthat is comparable to or less than for acorresponding AC overhead line. Asopposed to an overhead line, anunderground cable pair has no visualimpact at all on the landscape. Usually itsalso much easier to obtain permissions andpublic approval for a cable transmissionthan for an overhead line, in particular inresidential areas.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOur sincere thank to HOD and FACULTIES for encouraging us to prepare the above document. A special thanks to IEEE.orgREFERNCES1 K. Eriksson, HVDC Light and development of Voltage SourceConverters, IEEE T&D 2002 Latin America, So Paulo, Brazil, March. 2 L. Carlsson, G. Asplund, H. Bjrklund, M. berg, Present trends inHVDC converter station design IV SEPOPE Conference, Foz doIguacu, Brazil. 3IEEE explorer.org

Communication Gap Among the Generations

Executive analysis This report is an analysis of the dissimilar conversation styles among despoil boomers, coevals X, and Generation Y/Millenials. The report discusses the antithetic mindsets, values, and goals among the assorted contemporariess. The differences above discombobulate it hard for organisations to place emphasis on the real issue the talk suspension among the unlike generations due(p) to different colloquy styles. The report recommends looks for governances to ruffle the different chat styles to create a more than driven, cohesive, and conquestful judicature.The query enforces the fact of the differences in conversation styles among different generations causes a communicating tornado in organizations, making organizations less effective. The research further reveals the to-do in dialogue amongst the different generations makes it difficult to manage fuck up boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y/Millenials. The research shows that bridging the colloquy orifice give accrue mis empathizeings and motivate the different generations to be more interdependent and aggroup oriented.Finally, the research reveals integration of the different converse styles among the generations leave create effective and lucky organizations. fit in to the research communication is the close to intricate part of any roaring business descent. There is a 20 year perturbation between apiece generation. Organizations inability to twain the 20 year bedcover provide be a personify factor, make organizations less efficient, and dismiss interdependency amongst the different generations. It is recommended Organizations pauperism to ensure the employees goals ar reorient with the organizational goals * Ongoing instruct and extendshops to ensure all employees argon knowledge competent of the organizations product Closing the Communication violate Communication is the most intricate element of any type of affinity whether business or personal. In corporate America the different styles of communication among Baby-boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y has caused a communication gap in todays organizations.Integrating the different communication styles across generations impart improve the force of communication in organizations, bridging the communication gap to create a more driven, cohesive, and successful organization. The communication gap among the different generations has made communicating difficult for individuals to work effectively and efficiently. The lack of attention organizations give the communication gap among generations makes organizations less cap equal of reaching their organizational goals.From my experience when communicating with Baby Boomers I dupe pushback, Generation X is more receptive, and Generation Y/millennian will receive the message, yet wait on for an incentive. Many organizations ar unable to attract motivated or driven employees due to unsuccessful attempts to integr ate the different communication styles among the different generations. For example, the wages, gets and incentives offered to the different generations differ due to the time each group entered the workplace.The young generations argon not attracted to organizations who are not trying to bridge the gap of communication among the different generations. The junior generations arent attracted to businesses that arent trying to bridge the gap because they know that there are thousands of otherwise businesses that are up to date with the current technology. Example, Verizon and Apple give their employees devices to help with training. By insideng so, employees will have more of a hand on training, versus reading multiple books on the device(s).Baby boomers and Generation X make up the largest part of the workforce, because Baby boomers were born in a rich economic era filled with business sector opportunities and stable their work ethics and moral are stronger than those of Generat ion X and Generation Y/ millennial. Baby boomers are more egotism absorbed, and individualized. Baby boomers are not fans of teams and have to be trained to work in a team surround. Baby boomers prefer a directive leadership style flack. They requisite to know exactly what to do, how to do it, and when to do it. Generation X is more innovative, team oriented, and self-importance-importance sufficient.This generation will research an issue and make a decision based upon their knowledge and just head they are entrepreneurs. Generation Y/Millennial brings back to the workforce a strong sense of self worth. They welcome feedback because it helps advance their career to the next level. Generation Y/Millennial communicates openly and is always smell for ways to improve the work process. Baby boomers live to work, Generation X work to live, and Generation Y/Millennial work to satisfy personal goals the different work characteristics and origin eras makes organizational communication difficult.Baby boomers do not trust authority therefore they avoid communication with superiors Generation X has an informal approach to superiors they are not afraid to voice their opinions or refutes, and Generation Y/ Millennial communicate openly. The different styles of communication among the three generations cause different perspectives, thoughts and problem solving methods to arise when organizations are trying to issue a task. Organizations bridging the communication gap among the generations will enhance the values and knowledge of their employees.By doing so, this motivates them to align their personal goals with the goals of the organization, which contributes success of the organization. The different views on communication causes the generation to take digest off of the goals the organization is trying to contact and put more focus on how the company is communicating the goal. Once organizations prevail a way to integrate the communication styles of the different generations the organization will be able to motivate their employees to be more driven towards achieving the goals of the organization.If employees feel they are not receiving the information they need to fulfill the role of their position. Organizations have to find a way to get Baby boomers onboard with electronic communications. Most Baby boomers shy away from textual matter message, electronic mail, social media and other electronic communications. Generation X and Generation Y/Millennial prefer the electronic communication concise and saves time. Organizations do not consider the communication gap when considering the elements that are ca employ the organization to fail.Organizations do not realize ineffective communication among the different generations affects the property of the teams and causing confusion among the members. Baby boomers are workaholics, while Generation X and Generation Y/Millennial do what is required and go home. Baby boomers will stay until the pr oject is complete Generation X and Generation Y will leave the work for the next day. Organizations have to learn how to deal with the differences among the generations to improve the drive of the members.To get everyone to focus more on bringing the different generations together, organizations have to stop categorizing people into groups based on their birth era. Organizations need to understand employees who are more driven will produce more high quality work. To put the drive in employees organizations have to know what motivates all their employees and how it affects them personally. Organizations have to close the communication gap among the difference generations to effectively deliver feedback and receive feedback from employees.To create team cohesiveness, organizations must bridge the communication gap so the different generations will be interdependent on one another. The generation gap eliminates team cohesiveness because both(prenominal) team members are unable to effe ctively express themselves or are to self absorbed to ask for understanding of a problem. The different styles of communication among the generations can cause individuals to be disobedient towards stir, while others welcome change and see change as an opportunity for growth.Bridging the communication gap will prevent manipulation of the organizational system for self gain and put more focus on developing the team. An organization must have great communication skills to be successful. Organizations must be ordain to put forth the extra effort to successfully communicate among the different generations. Organizations have been unsuccessful in many ventures due to lack of trustworthyty, lack of productivity, and lack of respect caused by the gap in communication. The gap in communication has caused organizations to downsize and lose customers.Organizations have to give individuals the cause and effect of successfully integrating the different communication styles. The organization has to let the employees know how the integration of communication styles can be a benefit for them. Due to the birth era different generations are comfortable communicating face to face versus using an electronic fount. Organizations have to respect the difference in the styles of communicating and create a work environment where people arent afraid to voice their opinions to make the organization successful.Organizations inability to accommodate different communication styles and promote open communication has caused them to be unsuccessful Organizations have experienced cost issues due to the communication. The cost associated with resolving the communication gap is minimal. Changing the way things are viewed is a key component to organizations existence successful. Promoting organizational communication among the different generations will assist organizations with successfully integrating the different communication styles. The organization has to be more aware and put them in a position to apply the strengths of each generation.Once organizations understand the different styles of communication the gap will begin to close. Organizations have to do their research to understand the communication styles of the different generations. Organizations will need to establish a relationship among the generations to integrate the different communication styles, profit employee drive and be more successful. In order to save highly efficient employees, organizations will need to take more time to construct plans to integrate the different communication styles. Today Corporate American employs various generations across different departments.The mixture of Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y has caused conflicts with communication due to misunderstanding. Implementing a plan or strategy that will capture the key values and personality of each generation is a way to avoid challenges due to the communication gap among the different generations. The differen t communication styles of the generations is more difficult to understand or respect the difference among the generations. In 2011, Hahn stated understanding generational differences can be a blood line of creative strength and an opportunity or a source of stifling stress and conflict (p. 20). Communication is the most intricate element of any type of relationship whether business or personal. In corporate America the different styles of communication among Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y causes a communication gap in todays organizations. Integrating the different communication styles across generations will improve the effectiveness of communication in organizations, bridging the communication gap to create a more drive, cohesive, and successful organization. care would really need to step it up when it comes to managing multiple generations.The different generations will be able to gain a better understanding of the values, work characteristics, and customs of eac h others generation if organizations are able to bridge the communication gap. Bridging the communication gap will decrease misinterpretation of information at meetings and will create a more driven organization. According to the oblige Managing Multiple Generations, familiarization with the characteristics and core values of each generation will help organizations to better understand the differences in the communication style of the generations and lead to improved team work (Hahn, 2011, p. 20). Once corporations gain an understanding of the differences in communication style among the generations and begin to implement work processes bridging the communication gap they will be able to attract and retain quality employees. According to the article, Managing Multiple Generations, the outcome of bridging the communication gap among the different generations will decrease workplace stress and tension creates a stronger more driven organization (Hahn, 2011, p. great hundred). Rememb er that your research has to be tied to your specific problem.Baby boomers make up most of corporate America, are very loyal and are very serious about their careers or job duties. According to the article, Managing Multiple Generations, this population grew up in a time of economic prosperity (Hahn, 2011, p. 120). Baby boomers are now being managed by people who are the ages of their children. For example, I have a friend and her manager is 15 years junior than she is. When her manager instructs her to do a task she hesitates due to the age gap and the difference in communication style.She reacts this way because she feels the younger generation does not take the time to weigh the pros and cons of a situation, they go with what is good for right now, which isnt good for the organization. By being a Baby Boomer, shes resistant to change and feel as if a thirty year old is experienced enough to be a manager. She enjoys working independently and defines herself through her work title . Today many corporations gravitate to team environments Baby boomers are unfavorable to team environments. Baby boomers have strong work ethics and measure work with self worth and fulfillment.Baby boomers are the group that arrives early to work and views overtime as a moral obligations (Hahn, 2011, p. 120 Organizations identifying the different communication style among the generations help them use the correct tools and sources to effectively communicate with their employees. Once an organization implements an effective communication style accepted by Baby boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y/Millennial have overcome the obstacle that has caused many organizations to lack cohesiveness and the communication gap due to ifferent generations in the workplace. Organizations are more successful when they effectively integrate the different communication styles across generations. Without great communication skills an organization will fail. According to Gibson, Greenwood, and Murph y (2010) organizations have effectively integrated the different communication styles among the different generations when they are able to identify the unique characteristics and values of each generation (p. 40).Once the unique characteristics and values are indentified, the organization creates processes that manage and reconcile the differences in the communication styles among Baby boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y/Millennial (Gibson, Greenwood Murphy, 2010, p. 42). I have noticed in my workplace how management has implemented different ways to bridge the communication gap among Baby boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y/Millennial. For example, they will send out an email advising they are having refresher courses on the different electronic communication applications.Sending out a mass email to everyone in the organizations does not stereotype a particular group it allows anyone the opportunity to attend a training class to become more familiar with the different med ia applications. According to Gibson, Greenwood, and Murphy (2010) by doing the refresher trainings organizations are able to reconcile the different styles of communications among the different generations, and understand the strengths of each generation (p. 42).The refresher courses in any case prevent generational exclusivity (Gibson, Greenwood Murphy, 2010, p. 43). Once the company effectively integrates the different communication styles among the different generations, theyll be able to send the right message to the right channel to each generation therefore, creating a more successful organization. Effective communication is the key in any successful relationship an organization, just like a marriage, will fail if theres a gap in communication.According to Gibson, Greenwood Murphy (2010) understanding and accommodate value differences, organizations can effectively close the communication gap among the different generations and eliminate the barriers to attaining a succes sful organization (p. 43. ) The ultimate question is, what would we need to do in order to bridge the gap? According to all the data and research, an organization would need to make sure the employees goals and way of thinking is in line with the companys organizational goals.The company should also conduct workshops to help the employees bring capability to the organization. Motivation and incentives also play a big part in generation gaps. An example would be, some generations would be motivated by higher salaries and/or bonuses, while other generations would be motivated by recognitions/awards. Another factor would be, technology. As I stated earlier in the paper, Verizon and Apple gives more of a hands on training, rather than administering paper manuals/test. Technology is the key in this age, and technology will make or break a companys success.The younger generation IM (instant message), send text, and/or emails as their source of communication (indirect). On the other hand, the older generations would choose more of a direct source of communication. With the job markets changing, the demands for all generations are needed. The key would be to balance the generations to utilize all the advantages. References Bailey, A. , Ngwenyama, O. (2010). Bridging the Generation Gap in ICT Use Interrogating Identity, Technology and Interactions in Community Telecenters. Information Technology For Development, 16(1), 62-82. oi10. 1080/02681100903566156 Hahn, J. A. (2011). Managing Multiple Generations Scenarios From the Workplace. Nursing Forum, 46(3), 119- 127. doi 10. 1111/j. 1744-6198. 2011. 00223. x Murphy Jr. , E. F. , Gibson, J. , Greenwood, R. A. (2010). Analyzing Generational Values Among Managers and Non-Managers for Sustainable Organizational Effectiveness. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 75(1), 33-55. Ochs, L. , Adams, R. (2009). Generational stereotyping and group communication. Radiation Therapist, 18(2), 155-158.

The Significance of Minor Characters in A&P

mild characters atomic number 18 crucial to a readers under expecting of any tale. In John Updikes short story, A&P this idea is very app bent. In this short story, cardinal of the minor characters are throw ine important. These two minor characters are Queenie, a young women shopper and Lengel, the manager of the A&P. Qeenie and Lengel are live minor characters, as Updike uses them for the readers understanding of the young adult main character, Sammy, including his personality and motivations, which provides just understanding of the story.In John Updikes A&P Queenie is the lead missy if a gathering of girls who walk into the A&P. She kind of led them (17), as Updike puts it. These girls, including Queenie, are all wearing bathing suits, which at the time the story was written, was considered quite risque. Sammy refers to this girl as Queenie because as he puts it, - and then the third one, that wasnt so tall. She was the queen (17). Based on how much Sammy talks ab forbid den her and the way he does it, Queenie is his popular girl of the group.Lengel is the manager of the A&P. According to Sammy, Lengels pretty dreary, teaches Sun mean solar day school and the rest, but he doesnt miss much. (19) Hes a quiet man, as I say, he doesnt say much (19), but he starts the controversy that eventually leads to Sammy quitting his job. The way Sammy values of and talks about Queenie reveals move of his personality and motivations. As for Lengel, the manor which Sammy interacts and when Sammy interacts with him reveals parts of Sammys personality and motivations, as it does with Queenie.Throughout A&P, Queenie and Lengel pull in the readers understanding of Sammys personality. Queenie, as the lead girl, has Sammys hormones raging throughout the story and visualises the reader how Sammy is quite fond of women, but also disrespectfully defaces them by analyzing every part of their tree trunks as pieces of meat, non as respectful young woman. Updike reveals this when Sammy refers to Queenie by saying, She just walked straight on slowly, on these long white prima-donna legs (17).Sammy also illustrates this idea when he says, You never know how girls work (do you think its a mind in there or just a little sound like a bee in a glass jar? ) (17). The fact that Sammy is has no respect for women is doubtlessly true. Author, Patrick W. Shaw explains this in his short story criticism, Checking Out Faith and Lust Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and Updikes A & P. Shaw states, He punctuates his juvenile thoughts with chauvinistic asides and double entendres (1).When Sammy talks about his manager, Lengel, he does not seem to respect him, which is another reason why Sammy is disrespectful and not only towards women. An example of this is when Lengel comes in from the outside lot, Sammy says, is about to scuttle into that door marked managerbehind which he hides all day when the girls touch his eye (19). For a regular employee to talk about his ma nager in such a way suggests that Sammy does not have much respect for Lengel. That quote also illustrates that Sammy also is a banteringly juvenile young man.The way in which Sammy talks to and about Queenie and Lengel says very little respect. The fact that Lengel is Sammys boss and Queenie is a woman who he doesnt know says to the reader, Sammy does not feel obligated to show respect for anyone, regardless of who they are or what their status is. This is another large piece of Sammys personality, revealed by these two minor characters. Queenie and Lengel also enlighten the readers understanding of Sammys motivations, which are to stand up to Lengel in order to be a hero to these girls.Sammy shows this after Queenie and Lengel have an altercation, regarding her and her friends bathing suits and how the suits arent appropriate attire for a food market. This leaves Queenie feeling pretty embarrassed. As Queenie leaves the store, Sammy says, The girls, and whod blame them, are in a hurry to get out, so I say, I quit to Lengel quick enough for them to hear, hoping theyll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero (20). This is a clear example of how Queenie brings out that Sammy really sticks up for the girls as an attempt to get their attention and come across as a sort of hero to them.This reason for Sammy sticking up for the girls shows, that is his real motivation. During the same situation, Lengel also brings out Sammys motivation, as his words are the reason the girls feel embarrassed and leave. Lengels conversation with Queenie was about the girls attire in the store. Lengel starts by saying to the girls, Girls, this isnt the beach (19). He then explains how they should be dressed more decently in the store because it is the policy. After the girls leave and Sammy says, I quit (20). Lengel addresses Sammy and tells him not to do that again.Sammy ease refuses he puts his apron on the counter and walks out. When he gets outside to the lot, he is still mot ivated to find the girls as he says, I look around for my girls, but theyre gone, of ladder (20). The fact that Queenie is who Sammy sticks up for, along with the fact that Lengel is the reason Sammy feels as if he has to stick up for Queenie show Sammy motivation. This motivation is to be a sort of hero to Queenie by confronting Lengel and even quitting his job, in hopes that Queenie and her friends will confess his efforts and appreciate him.The idea that Sammy wants to be a sort of hero to the Queenie and the girls, also is felt by Harriet Blodgett as in her critical essay in The Explicator. Blodgett writes, Sammy plays a mythic role, too, seeing himself as the distressed damsels proverbial knight in shining armor (1). In addition, in the book John Updike Revisited, by crowd A. Schiff, the idea that Sammy is a hero like character is also present. Schiff writes, Updikes apparent intention was to pretermit his protagonist heroically, via Sammys hope that the girls might at some point materialize (116-117).Minor characters are a very important part of any story, as they provide a lot of education about others things such as, the main character. In John Updikes A&P, this remains true. Throughout the story, two minor characters, Queenie and Lengel, reveal Sammys personality and motivations. Qeenie and Lengel are vital minor characters, as Updike uses them for the readers understanding of the main character, Sammy, including his personality and motivations, which provides further understanding of the story.